Candidate predictor variables | Baseline survey | Follow-up survey | ||||
Total number | Satisfied EDS threshold ≥13.0 | Total number | Satisfied EDS threshold ≥13.0 | |||
Number | Row % | Number | Row % | |||
All women | 1292 | 249 | 19.3 | 1292 | 163 | 12.6 |
Age | ||||||
<25 years | 509 | 109 | 21.4 | 314 | 46 | 14.6 |
25–29 | 466 | 94 | 20.2 | 482 | 69 | 14.3 |
≥30 years | 317 | 46 | 14.5 | 496 | 48 | 9.7 |
χ2 test: p values | p=0.042 | p=0.042 | ||||
IPV | ||||||
No or low | 584 | 69 | 11.8 | 499 | 30 | 6.0 |
Severe psychological abuse alone | 386 | 71 | 18.4 | 295 | 35 | 11.9 |
Physical and severe psychological abuse | 322 | 109 | 33.9 | 498 | 98 | 19.7 |
χ2 test: p values | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | ||||
Poverty index* | ||||||
No poverty/social disadvantage | 322 | 45 | 14 | 311 | 20 | 6.4 |
Moderate poverty/social disadvantage | 885 | 179 | 20.2 | 907 | 114 | 12.6 |
Severe poverty/social disadvantage | 85 | 25 | 29.4 | 74 | 29 | 39.2 |
χ2 test: p values | p=0.003 | p<0.001 | ||||
Maternal ill health (follow-up) | ||||||
No physical symptoms | 1156 | 135 | 11.7 | |||
One or more physical symptoms | 136 | 28 | 20.6 | |||
χ2 test: p values | p=0.003 | |||||
Child ill health (follow-up) | ||||||
No symptoms | 1099 | 122 | 11.1 | |||
Presence of symptoms | 193 | 41 | 21.2 | |||
χ2 test: p values | p<0.001 | |||||
EDS at baseline | ||||||
EDS: threshold <13.0 | 1043 | NA | 105 | 10.1 | ||
EDS: threshold ≥13.0 | 249 | 58 | 22.3 | |||
χ2 test: p values | p<0.001 | |||||
Mean TEs at baseline | ||||||
EDS: threshold <13.0 (mean, SD) | 1043 | 5.1 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.3) | |||
EDS: threshold ≥13.0 (mean, SD) | 249 | 6.6 (3.5) | 6.3 (3.9) | |||
t-test: p values | p<0.001 | p<0.001 |
*Poverty index at baseline/follow-up based on items inquiring into education (none to high-school level=1; technical/university level=0), employment (unemployed=1; employed=0) and ongoing economic hardship (no economic hardship=0; any economic hardship=1), scored 0–3 (0=no poverty; 1=moderate poverty; 2,3=severe poverty), a higher score representing greater ongoing economic hardship. Economic hardship score generated by adding six items related to ongoing financial stressors, each of them scored ‘0’ for ‘no economic hardship at all’ and ‘1’ for ‘any economic hardship’. Total score was then dichotomised by assigning of ‘0’ for ‘no economic hardship at all’ and ‘1’ for ‘any economic hardship’.
EDS, Edinburgh Depression Scale; IPV, intimate partner violence; NA, not applicable; TE, traumatic effect.