Table 1

Socio-demographic and trauma-related factors, other risk factors and mental health measures at baseline and follow-up

Socio-demographic characteristics and mental health indices	Baseline survey (n=1292)		Follow-up survey (n=1292)		Baseline vs follow-up: p values
Socio-demographic characteristics and mental health indices	Number of women	Col %	Number of women	Col %	Baseline vs follow-up: p values
Age group (in years)					p<0.001
<25 years	509	39.4	314	24.3
25–29	466	36.1	482	37.3
≥30	317	24.5	496	38.4
Mean age (SD)	26.3 (5.1)		28.4 (5.3)		p<0.001
Educational status					p=0.053
None or primary school	194	15.0	209	16.2
Junior/senior high school	761	58.9	763	59.1
Technical college/diploma	86	6.7	77	6.0
University	251	19.4	243	18.8
Employment status					p=0.218
Unemployed	849	65.7	872	67.5
Paid employment/small trade/farming	443	34.3	420	32.5
Ongoing financial stressors: Yes*	100	7.7	83	6.4	p=0.498
Maternal ill health during pregnancy (follow-up): Yes†			136	10.5
Child ill health (follow-up): Yes‡			193	14.9
Conflict-related traumatic events count: mean (SD)§		5.4 (3.4)	3.7 (2.4)	p<0.001
IPV¶					p<0.001
No IPV or low respect/regard	584	45.2	499	38.6
Severe psychological abuse	386	29.9	295	22.8
Physical abuse	322	24.9	498	38.6
PTS: threshold ≥2.0	72	5.6	42	3.3	p=0.004
EDS: threshold ≥13.0	249	19.3	163	12.6	p=0.003
Total EDS mean score (SD)		8.5 (4.4)	6.4 (4.8)	p<0.001
Total WHODAS mean score (SD)		20.3 (4.7)	16.2 (4.1)	p<0.001

*Score for ongoing financial stressors was generated by adding six items, each of them scored ‘0’ for ‘no economic hardship at all’ and ‘1’ for ‘any economic hardship’. Total score was then dichotomised by assigning ‘0’ for ‘no economic hardship at all’ and ‘1’ for ‘any economic hardship’.
†Maternal ill health or physical symptoms during pregnancy at follow-up based on endorsing at least one of the listed items: bleeding, severe headache, blurred vision, convulsions, swollen hands/face, high fever, loss of consciousness, difficulty in breathing, severe weakness, severe abdominal pain, accelerated/reduced fetal movement (0=no physical symptoms; 1=one or more physical symptoms).
‡Child ill health or physical symptoms at follow-up: child suffered from any of the listed causes of sickness (No=0; Yes=1);.
§Total conflict-related traumatic events count at baseline based on the addition of each endorsed trauma item (scored 1).
¶IPV items are grouped as follows. Low respect/regard only: Examples of low respect/regard include extent to which man spends his free time with partner, consults on different household matters, shows respect, trusts partner with money, etc. Severe psychological abuse involves items in which there is threatening, intimidating and controlling behaviour such as jealousy or anger if partner talks to other men, accusations of infidelity, restrictions on meeting friends, limiting contact with family, insisting on knowing partner’s whereabouts and humiliating or threatening behaviour. Physical violence included pushing, shaking, throwing objects at partner, slapping, twisting arm, punching, kicking, dragging, strangling, burning, threatening or attacking with weapon or instrument. The typology is hierarchical, that is, the more severe categories can include characteristics in those of a lower order but not vice versa.
EDS, Edinburgh Depression Scale; IPV, Intimate partner violence; PTS, Post-traumatic stress; WHODAS, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule.