Table 3

Multivariable associations between number of conditions and frailty, disability, quality of life and physical performance measurements

Variable	Group	Frail or unable		Who DAS		Quality of life		Time to chair rise		Walk speed		Hand grip strength
		OR	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value
		(95% CI)	P value	(95% CI)	P value	(95% CI)	P value	(95% CI)	P value	(95% CI)	P value	(95% CI)	P value
Sex	Female	Referent	–	11.46	–	55.43	–	15.11	–	0.93		32.62	–
	Female	Referent	–	(10.20 to 12.87)	–	(54.29 to 56.58)	–	(14.73 to 15.49)	–	(0.91 to 0.95)		(44.29 to 45.61)	–
	Male	1.1	0.460	9.09	<0.001	57.33	0.001	13.35	<0.001	1.05	<0.001	44.95	<0.001
	Male	(0.86 to 1.41)	0.460	(8.06 to 10.25)	<0.001	(56.17 to 58.48)	0.001	(13.01 to 13.70)	<0.001	(1.03 to 1.07)	<0.001	(44.29 to 45.61)	<0.001
Age		1.08	<0.001	0.039*	<0.001	−0.314*	<0.001	0.009*	<0.001	−0.007*	<0.001	−0.418*	<0.001
Age		(1.07 to 1.09)	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	0.025	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.014	<0.001
Educational level completed	Some education	Referent	–	8.44	–	57.21	–	13.60	–	1.03	–	39.96	–
	Some education	Referent	–	(6.89 to 10.33)	–	(55.30 to 59.12)	–	(13.04 to 14.18)	–	(0.99 to 1.06)	–	(38.87 to 41.05)	–
	No education	0.97	0.909	12.35	<0.001	55.55	0.101	14.83	<0.001	0.95	<0.001	37.61	<0.001
	No education	(0.60 to 1.57)	0.909	(11.65 to 13.10)	<0.001	(54.93 to 56.17)	0.101	(14.62 to 15.04)	<0.001	(0.94 to 0.96)	<0.001	(37.25 to 37.96)	<0.001
Marital status	Married or cohabiting	–	–	9.48	–	57.08	–	13.95	–	1.00	–	39.14	–
	Married or cohabiting	–	–	(8.50 to 10.57)	–	(56.03 to 58.13)	–	(13.63 to 14.27)	–	(0.98 to 1.02)	–	(38.55 to 39.74)	–
	Widowed, divorced, single	1.19	0.208	10.99	0.015	55.68	0.04	14.46	0.019	0.97	0.19	38.42	0.067
	Widowed, divorced, single	(0.91 to 1.56)	0.208	(9.62 to 12.57)	0.015	(54.30 to 57.05)	0.04	(14.02 to 14.91)	0.019	(0.95 to 1.00)	0.19	(37.64 to 39.21)	0.067
Wealth quintile (five is highest)	5	Referent	–	10.36	–	61.4	–	14.56	–	0.99	–	40.94	–
	5	Referent	–	(9.12 to 11.77)	–	(60.12 to 62.68)	–	(14.15 to 14.98)	–	(0.97 to 1.01)	–	(40.21 to 41.68)	–
	4	0.87	0.424	9.79	0.458	58.67	0.001	14.04	0.039	1.03	0.009	39.26	<0.001
	4	(0.61 to 1.23)	0.424	(8.47 to 11.31)	0.458	(57.23 to 60.10)	0.001	(13.60 to 14.49)	0.039	(1.00 to 1.05)	0.009	(38.44 to 40.08)	<0.001
	3	0.62	0.014	10.38	0.987	55.89	<0.001	13.92	0.013	0.99	0.967	38.71	<0.001
	3	(0.42 to 0.91)	0.014	(8.93 to 12.04)	0.987	(54.40 to 57.38)	<0.001	(13.47 to 14.39)	0.013	(0.96 to 1.02)	0.967	(37.86 to 39.56)	<0.001
	2	1.06	0.757	10.35	0.987	55.46	<0.001	14.31	0.347	0.98	0.639	38.15	<0.001
	2	(0.74 to 1.50)	0.757	(8.93 to 11.99)	0.987	(54.00 to 56.93)	<0.001	(13.86 to 14.78)	0.347	(0.96 to 1.01)	0.639	(37.31 to 38.99)	<0.001
	1	1.25	0.180	10.18	0.816	50.48	<0.001	14.18	0.158	0.95	0.014	36.85	<0.001
	1	(0.90 to 1.74)	0.180	(8.82 to 11.75)	0.816	(49.02 to 51.93)	<0.001	(13.73 to 14.65)	0.158	(0.93 to 0.98)	0.014	(36.02 to 37.69)	<0.001
No of conditions		1.47	<0.001	0.267*	<0.001	−2.333*	<0.001	0.010*	0.085	−0.022	<0.001	−0.121*	0.424
No of conditions		(1.33 to 1.62)	<0.001	0.023	<0.001	0.261	<0.001	0.006	0.085	0.005	<0.001	0.152	0.424

*Beta values with SEs.
DAS, Disability Assessment Schedule; EM, estimated marginal mean.