Estimates of the population attributable fraction and age-standardised burden rate (per 100 000) of CKD attributable to PM2.5 by World Bank income classification
| World Bank income classification | PAF (95% UI) | Incidence (95% UI) | Prevalence (95% UI) | DALY (95% UI) | Death (95% UI) |
| Low income | 19.2 (17.6 to 20.8) | 66.0 (56.8 to 74.8) | 1925.2 (1699.1 to 2147.7) | 127.0 (103.5 to 148.8) | 4.8 (3.9 to 5.7) |
| Lower middle income | 23.7 (22.0 to 25.5) | 68.2 (58.8 to 77.3) | 2350.2 (2087.8 to 2605.3) | 149.1 (128.8 to 168.7) | 5.4 (4.6 to 6.1) |
| Upper middle income | 18.3 (16.8 to 19.8) | 34.0 (28.9 to 38.8) | 1498.7 (1324.2 to 1669.8) | 66.2 (58.4 to 73.9) | 2.5 (2.2 to 2.8) |
| High income | 8.9 (8.0 to 9.7) | 21.0 (17.6 to 24.1) | 643.1 (561.8 to 722.0) | 25.6 (21.3 to 29.7) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) |
Estimates were generated using the integrated non-linear exposure response model using only PM2.5 data where cross-sectional studies were deweighted.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; PAF, population attributable fraction; PM2.5, ambient fine particulate matter; UI, uncertainty interval.