Estimates of the global burden of CKD attributable to PM2.5 air pollution
| Modelling strategy | PAF (95% UI) | Measure | Incidence (95% UI) | Prevalence (95% UI) | DALY (95% UI) | Death (95% UI) | |
| CS studies deweighted | Proxy exposures included | ||||||
| Yes | No | 19.5 (18.0 to 21.0) | Number | 3 284 358.2 (2 800 710.5 to 3 747 046.1) | 122 409 460.2 (108 142 312.2 to 136 424 137.9) | 6 593 134.6 (5 705 180.4 to 7 436 870.1) | 211 019.2 (184 292.5 to 236 520.4) |
| Rate (per 100 000) | 44.5 (37.9 to 50.7) | 1670.3 (1475.9 to 1861.4) | 89.9 (77.8 to 101.3) | 2.9 (2.5 to 3.2) | |||
| Age-standardised rate (per 100 000) | 49.7 (42.7 to 56.4) | 1789.6 (1585.0 to 1989.2) | 101.6 (87.6 to 115.0) | 3.8 (3.2 to 4.3) | |||
| No | No | 17.4 (15.7 to 19.1) | Number | 2 908 401.2 (2 482 793.5 to 3 378 084.4) | 108 679 458.9 (94 881 700.2 to 123 149 917.2) | 5 873 622.6 (5 084 600.9 to 6 754 641.3) | 187 211.2 (162 460.3 to 213 963.4) |
| Rate (per 100 000) | 39.4 (33.7 to 45.8) | 1484.6 (1296.6 to 1682.2) | 80.1 (69.4 to 92.1) | 2.5 (2.2 to 2.9) | |||
| Age-standardised rate (per 100 000) | 44.3 (38.0 to 51.2) | 1597.3 (1399.1 to 1806.3) | 90.8 (78.2 to 104.7) | 3.4 (2.9 to 3.9) | |||
| Yes | Yes | 6.6 (5.1 to 8.2) | Number | 1 089 779.3 (800 761.9 to 1 402 860.4) | 41 023 348.8 (30 636 668.8 to 52 184 444.4) | 2 223 125.6 (1 652 353.6 to 2 838 639.8) | 70 358.4 (52 199.0 to 89 917.9) |
| Rate (per 100 000) | 14.8 (10.9 to 19.1) | 561.6 (420.2 to 713.6) | 30.4 (22.6 to 38.8) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) | |||
| Age-standardised rate (per 100 000) | 16.8 (12.5 to 21.5) | 607.9 (457.6 to 767.8) | 34.6 (25.8 to 44.0) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | |||
| No | Yes | 6.2 (4.7 to 7.8) | Number | 1 024 163.8 (744 761.8 to 1 325 643.8) | 38 602 132.4 (28 647 072.0 to 49 027 426.1) | 2 093 387.4 (1 545 110.3 to 2 673 053.9) | 66 159.4 (48 752.8 to 84 245.3) |
| Rate (per 100 000) | 13.9 (10.1 to 18.0) | 528.7 (393.1 to 671.3) | 28.6 (21.2 to 36.5) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | |||
| Age-standardised rate (per 100 000) | 15.9 (11.7 to 20.4) | 573.0 (429.2 to 725.6) | 32.6 (24.1 to 41.7) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | |||
Rates are per 100 000 persons
CKD, chronic kidney disease; CS, cross-sectional; DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; PAF, population attributable fraction; PM2.5, ambient fine particulate matter; UI, uncertainty interval.