Associations between demographic and WASH characteristics and regular practice of open defecation among households with access to a toilet (n=11 549)
| Unadjusted | P value | N | Adjusted | P value | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Main sanitation option | |||||
| Flush/pour flush to septic tank or pit latrine | 1.0 | 7973 | 1.0 | ||
| Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.90) | 0.0002 | 1378 | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) | 0.17 |
| Flush/pour flush to elsewhere | 0.77 (0.58 to 1.03) | 0.074 | 219 | 0.66 (0.49 to 0.89) | 0.0070 |
| Flush/pour flush to unknown | 3.69 (2.04 to 6.65) | <0.0001 | 52 | 4.62 (2.37 to 9.02) | <0.0001 |
| Ventilated improved pit latrine | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.68) | <0.0001 | 1152 | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.64) | <0.0001 |
| Pit latrine with slab | 0.79 (0.66 to 0.96) | 0.020 | 496 | 0.61 (0.49 to 0.74) | <0.0001 |
| Pit latrine without slab | 2.33 (1.62 to 3.35) | <0.0001 | 121 | 2.24 (1.53 to 3.30) | <0.0001 |
| Composting toilet | 5.73 (1.19 to 27.6) | 0.029 | 9 | 2.60 (0.53 to 12.64) | 0.24 |
| Bucket toilet | 2.89 (1.94 to 4.31) | <0.0001 | 105 | 1.34 (0.88 to 2.04) | 0.17 |
| Hanging toilet/hanging latrine | 6.55 (1.39 to 30.9) | 0.017 | 10 | 3.88 (0.67 to 22.63) | 0.13 |
| Sanitation sharing | |||||
| Not shared | 1.0 | 10 536 | 1.0 | ||
| Shared with less than 10 HHs | 0.39 (0.33 to 0.47) | <0.0001 | 840 | 0.52 (0.43 to 0.62) | <0.0001 |
| Shared with 10 or more HHs | 3.19 (1.96 to 5.18) | <0.0001 | 73 | 2.30 (1.39 to 3.81) | 0.0012 |
| Shared with public | 1.45 (0.81 to 2.62) | 0.21 | 45 | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.36) | 0.49 |
| Handwashing | |||||
| No handwashing station observed | 1.0 | 2346 | 1.0 | ||
| No soap or water | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.13) | 0.21 | 144 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) | 0.94 |
| Soap only | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.30) | 0.45 | 530 | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.68) | 0.0032 |
| Water only | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82) | <0.0001 | 1239 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.18) | 0.93 |
| Soap and water | 0.63 (0.57 to 0.69) | <0.0001 | 7288 | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.23) | 0.10 |
| Class of main drinking water | |||||
| Unimproved | 1.0 | 317 | 1.0 | ||
| Improved | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.91) | 0.0058 | 11 229 | 1.22 (0.96 to 1.55) | 0.11 |
| Reliability of main drinking water | |||||
| Always | 1.0 | 8879 | 1.0 | ||
| Intermittent (predictable) | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 0.19 | 1973 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.24) | 0.063 |
| Intermittent (unpredictable) | 1.50 (1.28 to 1.75) | <0.0001 | 689 | 1.89 (1.60 to 2.24) | <0.0001 |
| Water collection time | |||||
| 0 min | 1.0 | 5683 | 1.0 | ||
| 1–10 min | 2.11 (1.90 to 2.33) | <0.0001 | 2252 | 1.69 (1.51 to 1.89) | <0.0001 |
| 11–30 min | 2.21 (2.00 to 2.44) | <0.0001 | 2430 | 1.58 (1.41 to 1.77) | <0.0001 |
| >30 min | 2.80 (2.46 to 3.19) | <0.0001 | 1135 | 1.82 (1.58 to 2.11) | <0.0001 |
| Urban/rural residence | |||||
| Urban | 1.0 | 4316 | 1.0 | ||
| Rural | 2.12 (1.95 to 2.30) | <0.0001 | 7233 | 1.55 (1.40 to 1.71) | <0.0001 |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Lowest | 1.0 | 831 | 1.0 | ||
| Lower | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.87) | 0.0003 | 1706 | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Middle | 0.53 (0.46 to 0.63) | <0.0001 | 2471 | 0.62 (0.53 to 0.74) | <0.0001 |
| Higher | 0.46 (0.39 to 0.53) | <0.0001 | 3110 | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.67) | <0.0001 |
| Highest | 0.32 (0.27 to 0.37) | <0.0001 | 3370 | 0.41 (0.34 to 0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Number of household members | |||||
| 1–3 | 1.0 | 2545 | 1.0 | ||
| 4–5 | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.01) | 0.087 | 4767 | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) | 0.90 |
| 6+ | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.12 | 4237 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.30) | 0.010 |
| Maximum household age per 10 years | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.05) | 0.047 | 11 549 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.79 |
| Survey month | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.97) | <0.0001 | 11 548 | 0.96 (0.96 to 0.97) | <0.0001 |