Table 2

Difference in the percentage of effective income spent on healthcare, risk of experiencing catastrophic spending and risk of experiencing impoverishment, adjusted for household characteristics, NCD and HTN-only households compared with non-NCD/HTN households: PURE Study

Country income group	Households with no NCD/HTN		HTN-only versus non-NCD/HTN households		NCD versus non-NCD/HTN households		Test for trend*
Percentage of effective income spent on health
	N	%	Mean difference	95% CI	Mean difference	95% CI	P value
High	7646	3.23	0.79	0.09 to 1.49	1.31	0.71 to 1.91	<0.001
Upper middle	13 741	4.75	0.34	−1.08 to 1.76	2.77	1.49 to 4.05	<0.001
Lower middle	9795	6.62	0.94	−1.66 to 3.53	3.55	1.31 to 5.80	0.001
Low	2155	3.07	0.98	−2.30 to 4.26	1.66	−1.27 to 4.59	0.269
China	18 489	7.07	4.24	3.16 to 5.32	7.89	6.85 to 8.94	<0.001
Risk of catastrophic expenditure
	N	%	Risk difference	95% CI	Risk difference	95% CI	P value
High	7646	1.22	0.21	−0.50 to 0.92	0.77	0.09 to 1.45	0.018
Upper middle	13 741	1.36	0.29	−0.12 to 0.69	0.82	0.37 to 1.27	<0.001
Lower middle	9795	3.82	0.21	−0.76 to 1.19	1.71	0.75 to 2.67	<0.001
Low	2155	2.60	−0.27	−2.17 to 1.64	−0.22	−1.91 to 1.48	0.826
China	18 489	3.56	4.04	2.88 to 5.19	7.52	5.88 to 9.16	<0.001
Risk of impoverishment
	N	%	Risk difference	95% CI	Risk difference	95% CI	P value
High	7646	0.42	0.01	−0.34 to 0.37	0.29	−0.08 to 0.66	0.0896
Upper middle	13 741	0.30	0.09	−0.06 to 0.25	0.34	0.13 to 0.55	<0.001
Lower middle	9795	1.10	−0.02	−0.43 to 0.39	0.43	0.01 to 0.84	0.062
Low	2155	0.65	0.81	(−0.38 to 2.01)	0.62	−0.30 to 1.54	0.446
China	18 489	0.82	0.66	0.28 to 1.04	1.15	0.66 to 1.63	<0.001

*Regression-based test substituting factor household variable (ie, NCD vs HTN-only vs non-NCD/HTN) with ordinal/linear variable, followed by likelihood ratio test to assess model fit.
HTN, hypertension; NCD, non-communicable disease; PURE, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology.