N | Baseline | Endline | P value |
1385 | 922 | ||
Age, years (mean±SD) | 26.2±6.4 | 25.4±6.3 | 0.41 |
Adolescent (≤19 years) | 221 (16.3%) | 197 (21.5%) | |
Adult (>19 years) | 1131 (83.7%) | 718 (78.5) | 0.002 |
Ethnicity | |||
Hausa | 1188 (85.8%) | 763 (82.9%) | |
Others | 196 (14.2%) | 157 (17.1%) | 0.06 |
Education | |||
Koranic school, only literacy training or no education | 1095 (79.1%) | 723 (78.6%) | |
Some primary education or higher | 289 (20.9%) | 197 (21.4) | 0.76 |
Principal occupation | |||
Housewife | 1151 (83.2%) | 745 (80.9%) | |
Non-Housewife | 233 (16.8%) | 176 (19.1%) | 0.16 |
Marital status† | |||
Separated/divorced or widowed | 13 (0.9%) | 8.0 (0.9%) | |
Married | 1363 (99.1%) | 913 (99.1%) | – |
Trimester | |||
First or second | 467 (39.5%) | 324 (38.3%) | |
Third | 714 (60.5%) | 522 (61.7%) | 0.57 |
Obstetric history | |||
Age at first pregnancy, median (25th, 75th) (min–max) | 16.0 (16.0, 17.0) (12.0–35.0) | 16.0 (16.0, 18.0) (11.0–38.0) | |
Gravidity | |||
Primigravida | 178 (12.9%) | 139 (15.1%) | |
Multigravida | 1206 (87.1%) | 782 (84.9%) | 0.13 |
Outcome of previous pregnancy | |||
Child born alive, still living | 1029 (85.3 %) | 685 (87.6%) | |
Child not born alive or born alive and has since died | 177 (14.7%) | 97 (12.4%) | 0.27 |
Attended any ANC during last pregnancy | 1108 (91.9%) | 727 (93.0%) | 0.37 |
Attended at least 4 ANC during last pregnancy | 476 (39.5%) | 300 (38.4%) | 0.62 |
Health facility delivery during last pregnancy | 419 (34.9%) | 310 (39.7%) | 0.03 |
Household level characteristics | |||
Household head’s education level | |||
Koranic school, only literacy training or no education | 950 (78.4%) | 635 (81.7%) | |
Some primary education or higher | 261 (21.6%) | 142 (18.3%) | 0.08 |
Principal occupation of the household head | |||
Farming-related occupation | 578 (42.0%) | 205 (22.6%) | |
Non-farming-related occupation | 798 (58.0%) | 700 (77.4%) | <0.0001 |
Levels of household food insecurity | |||
Food secure | 432 (31.3%) | 557 (60.5%) | |
Mildly food insecure | 150 (10.8%) | 52 (5.6%) | |
Moderately food insecure | 345 (25.0%) | 185 (20.1%) | |
Severely food insecure | 454 (32.9%) | 127 (13.8%) | <0.0001 |
Season of enrolment | |||
Hot (March to May) | 416 (30.1%) | 302 (32.8%) | |
Raining (June to September) | 501 (36.2%) | 275 (29.9%) | |
Dry (October to February) | 467 (33.7%) | 344 (37.3%) | 0.007 |
*Results are presented as N (%) or mean ± SD, unless stated otherwise.
†Categories were too small to calculate a p value.
ANC, antenatal care; max, maximum; min, minimum.