(1) | (2) | |
Prob. of catastrophic exp. | Prob. of catastrophic exp. | |
(10% of tot exp) | (40% of non-food exp) | |
Head of the household | ||
Age group | ||
15–24 | 1 | 1 |
25–34 | 1.020 | 1.139 |
(0.125) | (0.179) | |
35–44 | 0.828 | 0.963 |
(0.104) | (0.153) | |
45–54 | 0.956 | 0.997 |
(0.122) | (0.161) | |
55+ | 1.048 | 1.252 |
(0.138) | (0.206) | |
Female head | 1.125∗ | 0.980 |
(0.0607) | (0.0636) | |
Education | ||
No or less than primary | 1 | 1 |
(.) | (.) | |
Primary | 1.045 | 1.038 |
(0.0659) | (0.0736) | |
Secondary | 1.038 | 0.823∗ |
(0.0782) | (0.0740) | |
Tertiary | 0.929 | 0.679∗∗ |
(0.0990) | (0.0957) | |
Employment status | ||
Formal employment | 1 | 1 |
(.) | (.) | |
Informal employment | 1.062 | 1.047 |
(0.0863) | (0.112) | |
Not employed | 0.931 | 0.941 |
(0.0821) | (0.107) | |
Marital status | ||
Never married | 1 | 1 |
(.) | (.) | |
Married/living together | 1.202 | 1.178 |
Widowed | 1.123 | 1.258 |
(0.129) | (0.181) | |
Consumption quintiles | ||
1 Poorer | 1 | 1 |
(.) | (.) | |
2 | 0.665∗∗∗(0.0367) | 0.617∗∗∗ (0.0380) |
3 | 0.541∗∗∗(0.0332) | 0.444∗∗∗(0.0317) |
4 | 0.444∗∗∗(0.0312) | 0.308∗∗∗(0.0268) |
5 Richer | 0.292∗∗∗(0.0262) | 0.174∗∗∗(0.0211) |
Any insured in the HH | 1.123∗ | 1.101 |
(0.0605) | (0.0735) | |
Any chronic in the HH | 2.476∗∗∗(0.105) | 2.322∗∗∗(0.117) |
Elderly in the HH | 1.482∗∗∗(0.0952) | 1.510∗∗∗(0.112) |
Household size | ||
Group 1 (smaller) | 1 | 1 |
(.) | (.) | |
Group 2 | 1.001 | 0.815∗∗∗ |
(0.0509) | (0.0489) | |
Group 3 (bigger) | 0.954 | 0.722∗∗∗ |
(0.0618) | (0.0544) | |
Urban | 1.152∗∗ | 1.070 |
(0.0612) | (0.0665) | |
Observations | 31 008 | 30 826 |
Results expressed in ORs.
Exponentiated coefficients; SE in parentheses. ∗p<0.05, ∗∗p<0.01, ∗∗∗p<0.001.
Both models include county dummies to better control for geographical heterogeneity.