Table 2

Discriminant validity of DAZ with birth weight, nutritional status and maternal education

Birth weight†Nutritional status†Maternal education
CountryRoundLowNormalP valueStuntedNon-stuntedP valueNo educationAny primaryAny secondaryAbove secondaryP value
Bangladesh10.71
(0.04)
510
0.51 (0.03) 1317<0.0010.73 (0.03) 8200.42 (0.03) 1007<0.0010.73
(0.04)
625
0.67 (0.05) 3970.41
(0.04)
783
0.75
(0.25)
22
<0.001
Brazil20.23
(0.86)
415
0.73 (0.79) 994<0.0010.09 (0.9) 2180.67 (0.8) 1194<0.0010.26
(0.77)
35
0.55 (0.85) 10310.63
(0.81)
242
*0.041
30.37
(0.88) 401
0.87 (0.87) 959<0.0010.18 (1.01) 1840.81 (0.85) 1177<0.0010.2
(0.91)
32
0.69 (0.87) 9880.79
(1)
240
*0.002
Chile 11*0.51 (0.46) 128N/A*0.5 (0.47) 126N/A*0.57 (0.4) 480.48
(0.51)
69
0.42
(0.42)
10
0.511
2*0.16 (0.53) 1611N/A0.01 (0.46) 120.16 (0.53) 14090.331*0.14 (0.49) 6010.16
(0.55)
838
0.26
(0.52)
163
0.037
3*−0.27 (0.7) 278N/A*−0.27 (0.7) 225N/A*−0.36 (0.68) 109−0.21
(0.72)
147
−0.15
(0.65)
21
0.212
Chile 21−0.12 (0.99) 327−0.02 (0.91) 80710.077−0.14 (0.99) 292−0.03 (0.91) 83830.0680.01
(0.99)
100
0.35 (0.92) 17170.05
(0.89)
5245
0.24
(0.90)
2139
<0.001
China10.06 (0.56) 9−0.08 (0.58) 9680.464−0.2 (0.47) 29−0.08 (0.59) 9430.253*0.31
(0.57)
34
0.1
(0.56)
742
0.06
(0.64)
178
<0.001
Colombia 110.11 (0.78) 470.29 (0.96) 5930.0010.001 (1.07) 990.28 (0.92) 5910.0150.23
(0.92)
27
0.1
(0.96)
238
0.33
(0.93)
375
*<0.001
20.09 (0.93) 430.2 (0.93) 5350.4950.18 (1.31) 590.21 (0.86) 5690.0320.29
(1.01)
21
0.06 (0.93) 2170.29
(0.87)
337
*<0.001
Colombia 210.1 (0.77) 1280.14 (0.78) 10620.0010.03 (0.78) 2290.13 (0.8) 10800.005*0.23 (0.82) 1400.06
(0.78)
744
0.32
(0.78)
393
<0.001
Ecuador10.5 (1.05) 120.38 (1.48) 1330.7330.17 (1.45) 890.44 (1.49) 2930.0010.27
(2.04)
14
0.19 (1.45) 4330.65
(1.32)
197
0.70
(1.56)
11
<0.001
Ethiopia1−0.26 (0.45) 16−0.08 (0.6) 1740.152−0.13 (0.64) 84−0.08 (0.56) 1030.583−0.07
(0.6)
168
−0.29
(0.5)
22
**0.102
2−0.59 (0.78) 33−0.34 (0.56) 4070.0880.4 (0.58) 3280.27 (0.59) 1110.0420.39
(0.6)
385
0.19
(0.46)
54
**0.017
30.8 (0.5) 350.58 (0.46) 4210.0170.65 (0.47) 3450.44 (0.42) 109<0.0010.62
(0.46)
402
0.45
(0.47)
53
**0.016
Jamaica 110.04 (0.53) 1310.22 (0.49) 940.010.17 (0.45) 140.14 (0.52) 2100.026**0.12
(0.5)
216
*N/A
20.35 (0.78) 1300.55 (0.68) 880.044*0.44 (0.74) 215N/A**0.46
(0.71)
208
*N/A
Jamaica 21NDND0.23 (0.76) 1220.55 (0.57) 37<0.001*−0.03 (0.77) 138−0.15
(0.88)
21
*0.54
2NDND0.78 (1.02) 620.97 (0.87) 970.213*0.93 (0.96) 1380.73
(0.75)
21
*0.36
3NDND1.61 (0.99) 481.86 (0.98) 1110.141*1.81 (0.98) 1381.66
(1.08)
21
*0.52
Madagascar1NDND−0.39 (0.94) 113−0.23 (0.9) 890.205−0.53
(0.84)
51
−0.35 (0.99) 118−0.03
(0.89)
35
*0.054
Netherlands 111.02 (1.02) 970.23 (1.02) 1888<0.0010.87 (1.04) 960.17 (1) 1264<0.001*−0.22 (1.01) 602−0.28
(1.05)
1008
−0.32
(1.06)
328
0.335
20.48 (1.18) 690.06 (0.9) 1689<0.0010.42 (1.32) 750.07 (0.92) 11490.003*0.02 (0.94) 5200.08
(0.88)
901
−0.03
(0.99)
299
0.157
30.83 (1.1) 1060.03 (0.9) 1851<0.0010.46 (1.07) 1200.05 (0.9) 1793<0.001*−0.09 (0.94) 593−0.1
(0.92)
994
0.02
(0.94)
325
0.156
40.59 (1.08) 1050.05 (0.92) 1809<0.0010.41 (0.93) 490.07 (0.93) 18300.011*0.15 (0.97) 579−0.09
(0.94)
973
0.1
(0.84)
320
<0.001
51.01 (1.1) 1100.25 (0.95) 1766<0.0010.83 (1.33) 430.28 (0.96) 18040.011*0.3 (1.03) 5660.34
(0.97)
965
0.14
(0.91)
306
0.006
60.92 (1.11) 980.37 (1.07) 1694<0.0010.99 (1.5) 300.39 (1.06) 17390.002*−0.43 (1.12) 540−0.42
(1.06)
924
−0.28
(1.03)
292
0.104
70.77 (1.14) 970.37 (1.06) 16690.0011 (1.7) 330.38 (1.05) 17060.001*−0.47 (1.11) 528−0.39
(1.04)
918
−0.3
(1.06)
286
0.079
80.68 (1.07) 950.22 (1.1) 1580<0.001*−0.4 (1.09) 40N/A*0.36 (1.09) 5080.24
(1.11)
871
0.05
(1.1)
269
<0.001
9−0.25 (1.25) 106−0.02 (1.12) 17030.0591.15 (1.84) 160.01 (1.12) 17460.026*0.3 (1.16) 5570.04
(1.1)
925
0.32
(1.04)
293
<0.001
South Africa10.69 (0.55) 511.01 (0.64) 433<0.001NDND*0.98
(0.74)
55
1.01
(0.62)
376
0.71
(0.6)
41
0.020
20.48 (0.82) 170.5
(0.7) 257
0.9460.06 (1.02) 120.56 (0.71) 1370.026*0.33
(0.59)
33
0.49
(0.74)
206
0.71
(0.52)
32
0.096
30.24 (1.04) 1880.02 (1.03) 16090.0070.11 (1.06) 2990.08 (1.02) 10200.006−0.02
(1.01)
20
−0.13 (1.11) 224−0.05
(1.02)
1337
0.08
(1.01)
215
0.229
  • *<10 observations, N/A=Not applicable, ND=No data available. Differences significant <0.05 are in bold.

  • †Low birth weight is defined as <2.5 kg and stunted is height-for-age z-score of <−2 SD of the median WHO Growth Standards for same-age and same-sex children.32

  • Subgroup data are mean (SD) n.