Population characteristics of all 34 206 children, overall and separated by BCG vaccination status
| Item | All children N=34 206 | Not BCG vaccinated n=4441 | BCG vaccinated n=29 765 | P value* |
| Child level | ||||
| Malaria RDT | <0.0001 | |||
| Negative | 21 880 (64.0) | 2380 (53.6) | 19 500 (65.5) | |
| Positive | 12 325 (36.0) | 2061 (46.4) | 10 265 (34.5) | |
| Malaria blood slide† | <0.0001 | |||
| Negative | 18 925 (72.4) | 2117 (63.2) | 16 809 (73.8) | |
| Positive | 7206 (27.6) | 1234 (36.8) | 5972 (26.2) | |
| Age (months), median (IQR) | 27.47 (23.66) | 28.25 (24.89) | 27.37 (23.43) | 0.11 |
| Birth order number, median (IQR) | 3 (3) | 3 (4) | 3 (3) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 0.59 | |||
| Male | 17 330 (50.7) | 2267 (51.0) | 15 064 (50.6) | |
| Female | 16 875 (49.3) | 2174 (49.0) | 14 701 (49.4) | |
| Twin | 0.015 | |||
| No | 33 448 (97.8) | 4364 (98.3) | 29 084 (97.7) | |
| Yes | 758 (2.2) | 76 (1.7) | 681 (2.3) | |
| Place of delivery† | <0.0001 | |||
| Non-hospital | 12 148 (35.6) | 3085 (70.3) | 9063 (30.5) | |
| Public | 18 868 (55.3) | 1130 (25.8) | 17 738 (59.7) | |
| Private | 3073 (9.0) | 173 (3.9) | 2900 (9.8) | |
| Size at birth† | <0.0001 | |||
| Small | 4141 (12.4) | 653 (15.6) | 3488 (11.9) | |
| Average | 15 158 (45.3) | 1862 (44.5) | 13 297 (45.4) | |
| Large | 14 198 (42.4) | 1668 (39.9) | 12 530 (42.7) | |
| Preceding birth interval,† median (IQR) | 35 (23) | 32 (18) | 35 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Weight z-score,† mean (SD) | −1.02 (1.26) | −1.29 (1.39) | −0.98 (1.23) | <0.0001 |
| Breast feeding† | <0.0001 | |||
| Never | 742 (2.2) | 144 (3.3) | 598 (2.0) | |
| Ever, not currently | 20 682 (60.8) | 2562 (58.6) | 18 120 (61.1) | |
| Currently | 12 613 (37.1) | 1665 (38.1) | 10 947 (36.9) | |
| Received all other vaccines to national schedule† | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 20 333 (60.1) | 4365 (98.3) | 15 967 (54.3) | |
| Yes | 13 501 (39.9) | 75 (1.7) | 13 425 (45.7) | |
| Received vitamin A† | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 11 655 (34.3) | 2897 (67.1) | 8758 (29.6) | |
| Yes | 22 298 (65.7) | 1422 (32.9) | 20 876 (70.4) | |
| Slept under bed net last night† | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 14 329 (43.5) | 2232 (53.2) | 12 097 (42.1) | |
| Yes | 18 601 (56.5) | 1964 (46.8) | 16 637 (57.9) | |
| Maternal level | ||||
| Age of mother in years, mean (SD) | 29.00 (7.20) | 28.98 (7.44) | 29.00 (7.16) | 0.88 |
| BMI of mother,† median (IQR) | 21.64 (4.06) | 21.21 (3.35) | 21.72 (4.16) | <0.0001 |
| Number of births in the last 5 years, median (IQR) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | <0.0001 |
| Level of education† | <0.0001 | |||
| No education, preschool | 12 998 (38.0) | 2432 (54.8) | 10 567 (35.5) | |
| Primary | 13 491 (39.5) | 1587 (35.8) | 11 904 (40.0) | |
| Secondary or higher | 7692 (22.5) | 418 (9.4) | 7274 (24.5) | |
| Mother has partner† | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 9469 (27.7) | 793 (17.9) | 8676 (29.2) | |
| Yes | 24 685 (72.3) | 3640 (82.1) | 21 045 (70.8) | |
| Household level | ||||
| Household size, median (IQR) | 6 (4) | 7 (4) | 6 (4) | <0.0001 |
| Drinking water quality† | <0.0001 | |||
| Low | 14 349 (42.0) | 2739 (61.7) | 11 610 (39.0) | |
| Medium | 10 954 (32.0) | 1052 (23.7) | 9902 (33.3) | |
| High | 8897 (26.0) | 649 (14.6) | 8248 (27.7) | |
| Toilet facility quality† | <0.0001 | |||
| Low | 22 635 (66.2) | 3330 (75.1) | 19 305 (64.9) | |
| Medium | 9619 (28.1) | 911 (20.5) | 8709 (29.3) | |
| High | 1942 (5.7) | 195 (4.4) | 1747 (5.9) | |
| IWI, median (IQR) | 23.26 (24.95) | 17.18 (16.28) | 24.12 (26.08) | <0.0001 |
| Urbanisation level | <0.0001 | |||
| Urban | 9313 (27.2) | 600 (13.5) | 8713 (29.3) | |
| Rural | 24 893 (72.8) | 3840 (86.5) | 21 052 (70.7) |
Data are displayed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*Students’ t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Somers’ D test for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and χ2 test for categorical variables.
†Based on different n due to missings in the control variables, which were accounted for by the dummy variable adjustment procedure.
BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guérin; IWI, International Wealth Index; RDT, rapid diagnostic test.