Unadjusted associations between candidate predictors and stunting at 3 years of age in the development data set (n=1015)
| Characteristics | Development data set n (%) (n=1015) | Stunted at 3 years n (%) | Univariable OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Yes (n=172) | No (n=843) | ||||
| Infant at birth | |||||
| Male sex | 1013 (99.8) | 171 (16.9) | 842 (83.1) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.53) | 0.58 |
| Weight (100 g) | 1014 (99.9) | 171 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 972 (95.8) | 165 (17.0) | 807 (83.0) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.00) | 0.048 |
| Infant at6weekspostbirth | |||||
| Length (cm) | 999 (98.4) | 168 (16.8) | 831 (83.2) | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.91) | <0.0001 |
| Length-for-age z-score* | 999 (98.4) | 168 (16.8) | 831 (83.2) | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.81) | <0.0001 |
| Stunting* | 999 (98.4) | 168 (16.8) | 831 (83.2) | 2.49 (1.51 to 4.09) | <0.0001 |
| Infant at6monthspostbirth | |||||
| Weight (100 g) | 961 (94.7) | 161 (16.8) | 800 (83.2) | 0.87 (0.85 to 0.90) | <0.0001 |
| Length (cm) | 959 (94.5) | 161 (16.8) | 798 (83.2) | 0.45 (0.39 to 0.51) | <0.0001 |
| Length-for-age z-score* | 959 (94.5) | 161 (16.8) | 798 (83.2) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.17) | <0.0001 |
| Stunting* | 959 (94.5) | 161 (16.8) | 798 (83.2) | 17.83 (9.58 to 33.22) | <0.0001 |
| Fever last 2 weeks | 961 (94.7) | 161 (16.8) | 800 (83.2) | 1.48 (1.02 to 2.14) | 0.038 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 940 (92.6) | 159 (16.9) | 781 (83.1) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 0.92 |
| Maternal at12weeksof pregnancy (enrolment) | |||||
| Age (year) | 1015 (100) | 172 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.13 |
| Weight (kg) | 1015 (100) | 172 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.95) | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 1014 (99.9) | 172 (17.0) | 842 (83.0) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 1014 (99.9) | 172 (17.0) | 842 (83.0) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.00) | 0.05 |
| MUAC (cm) | 1014 (99.9) | 172 (17.0) | 842 (83.0) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) | 0.014 |
| Highest education | 1015 (100) | 172 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 0.014 | |
| Primary school | 152 (15.0) | 26 (17.1) | 126 (82.9) | (reference) | |
| Secondary school | 683 (67.3) | 128 (18.7) | 555 (81.3) | 1.12 (0.70 to 1.78) | |
| University/college | 180 (17.7) | 18 (10.0) | 162 (90.0) | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.03) | |
| Employment | 1015 (100) | 172 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 0.018 | |
| Farmer/housewife | 545 (53.7) | 103 (18.9) | 442 (81.1) | (reference) | |
| Factory worker/trader | 331 (32.6) | 56 (16.9) | 275 (83.1) | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.25) | |
| Government official clerk | 139 (13.7) | 13 (9.4) | 126 (90.6) | 0.44 (0.24 to 0.81) | |
| Type of supplement taken† | 1015 (100) | 172 (16.9) | 843 (83.1) | 0.64 | |
| Weekly iron | 681 (67.1) | 118 (17.3) | 563 (82.7) | (reference) | |
| Intermittent iron | 334 (32.9) | 54 (16.2) | 280 (83.8) | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.31) | |
| Multigravida | 1014 (99.9) | 172 (17.0) | 842 (83.0) | 1.35 (0.93 to 1.95) | 0.11 |
| Maternal at32weeksof pregnancy | |||||
| Weight (kg)* | 921 (90.7) | 153 (16.6) | 768 (83.4) | 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Weekly weight gain enrolment to third trimester weight (100 g) | 921 (90.7) | 153 (16.6) | 768 (83.4) | 0.74 (0.64 to 0.86) | <0.0001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 908 (89.5) | 151 (16.6) | 757 (83.4) | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | 0.20 |
| Loge ferritin (μg/L) | 904 (89.1) | 150 (16.6) | 754 (83.4) | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.51) | 0.32 |
| Maternal at6monthspostbirth | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 956 (94.2) | 161 (16.8) | 795 (83.2) | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/cm2)* | 955 (94.1) | 161 (16.9) | 794 (83.1) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.00) | 0.038 |
| Paternal at12monthspostbirth | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 961 (94.7) | 159 (16.5) | 802 (83.5) | 0.93 (0.91 to 0.96) | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 961 (94.7) | 159 (16.5) | 802 (83.5) | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.94) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 961 (94.7) | 159 (16.5) | 802 (83.5) | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | 0.021 |
| Highest education | 981 (96.7) | 168 (17.1) | 813 (82.9) | 0.46 | |
| Primary school | 98 (10.0) | 16 (16.3) | 82 (83.7) | (reference) | |
| Secondary school | 572 (58.3) | 105 (18.4) | 467 (81.6) | 1.15 (0.65 to 2.05) | |
| University/college | 311 (31.7) | 47 (15.1) | 264 (84.9) | 0.91 (0.49 to 1.69) | |
| Employment | 997 (98.2) | 168 (16.9) | 829 (83.1) | 0.014 | |
| Farmer/housewife | 538 (54.0) | 87 (16.2) | 451 (83.8) | (reference) | |
| Factory worker/trader | 371 (37.2) | 74 (20.0) | 297 (80.0) | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.82) | |
| Government official clerk | 88 (8.8) | 7 (8.0) | 81 (92.0) | 0.45 (0.20 to 1.00) | |
| Household socioeconomic status | |||||
| Mean wealth index‡ | 1003 (98.8) | 169 (16.8) | 834 (83.2) | 0.007 | |
| Poorest | 206 (20.5) | 43 (20.9) | 163 (79.1) | (reference) | |
| Poor | 200 (19.9) | 40 (20.0) | 160 (80.0) | 0.95 (0.58 to 1.54) | |
| Middle | 197 (19.6) | 36 (18.3) | 161 (81.7) | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.39) | |
| Rich | 200 (19.9) | 32 (16.0) | 168 (84.0) | 0.72 (0.44 to 1.20) | |
| Richest | 200 (19.9) | 18 (9.0) | 182 (91.0) | 0.37 (0.21 to 0.68) | |
The linearity assumption was reasonable for all continuous variables presented.
*Not included in multivariable model building after investigation of collinearity.
†Weekly iron: iron folic acid; intermittent iron: twice weekly iron folic acid or multiple micronutrients.
‡Indices underlying the wealth index were collected at 12 months postbirth.
BMI, body mass index;CI, Confidence Interval; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; OR, Odds Ratio.