Summary of risk of bias assessment.
| Study | Patient selection | Predictors | Outcomes | Analysis |
| Derivation | ||||
| Antwi et al44 | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Benjamin et al45 | Low | High | High | High |
| de Oliveira et al18 | Low | Low | Low | Medium |
| Geelhoed et al46 | Low | High | Medium | Medium |
| Harutyunyan et al47 | Low | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Hoirisch-Clapauch and Benchimol-Barbosa48 | Low | Medium | Low | Low |
| Kayode et al49 | Medium | Low | Medium | Low |
| Kumar et al50 | Low | High | Medium | Medium |
| Nascimento et al40 | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Payne et al19 | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Payne et al20 | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Phaloprakarn et al51 | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Prata et al52 | Low | Low | Low | Medium |
| Romero-Gutiérrez et al53 | Low | High | Medium | Medium |
| Sekizawa et al54 | Low | Medium | Low | High |
| Tsu55 | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Zhou et al56 | Medium | Low | Low | Medium |
| Incremental value | ||||
| Antwi et al23 | Low | Medium | Medium | Low |
| Payne et al21 | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| External validation | ||||
| Ukah et al22 | Low | Low | Low | Low |