Outcomes measures in studies included in the systematic review
| Authors | Target population | Direction of effect of findings | Traditional HIV prevention outcomes | Empowerment outcomes | Inclusion outcomes | Agency outcomes |
| Colchero et al41 | MSM | Effect favours intervention | (1) HIV testing, (2) no of sexual partners, (3) awareness of HIV status, (4) HIV positive on treatment, (5) condom use at last sex | None | (1) Self-reported perception of stigma and discrimination from healthcare providers | None |
| Beattie et al37 | FSW | N/A | (6) Consistent condom use in the past 6 months | (1) Self-efficacy to negotiate condom use and HIV/STI testing, (2) increased disclosure of IPV, (3) decreased acceptance of violence by partner, (4) increased knowledge of self-protection strategies and sources of support for IPV | (2) Increased solidarity among FSWs around IPV | None |
| Buttolph et al47 | Youth in high-burden settings | N/A | (7) Adherence (PrEP and ART), (8) voluntary medical male circumcision, (9) contraceptive use, (10) HIV rapid test (11) HIV knowledge | None | (3) Keeping girls in school (school attendance) | None |
| Chiao et al42 | Pregnant and postpartum women | Effect favours intervention | (12) HIV testing, (13) six-item consistent condom use scale | (5) HIV perceived control and severity | (4) Social support, employer’s supportive attitude, (5) can talk to employer about condoms | None |
| Cowan et al38 | PWID | Effect favours intervention | (14) Knowledge of HIV status, (15) reported condomless sex with client in past month, (16) HIV positive on treatment | (6) Reporting good relationship with other FSW | None | None |
| Fatti et al48 | FSW | Effect favours intervention | (17) HIV incidence, (18) HIV testing | (7) Receiving support to access social security grants | None | None |
| Firestone et al19 | MSM | Effect favours intervention | (19) Condom and lubricant use at last sex, (20) consistent condom use in past 30 days, (21) HIV test in past 12 months, (22) seeking treatment for STI past 12 months | (8) Friends’ knowing the respondents’ sexual orientation, (9) being out with friends, (10) participating in gay or TG events, (11) ever visited a gay bar/disco | None | None |
| Futterman et al43 | Pregnant women | Effect favours intervention | (23) Adherence to PMTCT practices, (24) HIV knowledge score | (12) Emotional functioning, (13) HIV discomfort score, (14) depression scale, (15) COPE Inventory, (16) interaction and bonding score, (17) disclosing status to partner or family member | (6) Social support (availability and satisfaction) | None |
| Go et al39 | MSM | Effect favours neither | (25) HIV Incidence, (26) direct/indirect sharing of needles, injecting drugs, solution and distilled water in past 3 months, (27) frequency of injecting, (28) unprotected sex in past 3 months, (29) HIV knowledge | (18) Depression, (19) HIV status disclosure | (7) HIV-related stigma scale, (8) IDU-related stigma scale, (9) social support scale, (10) injecting network size | None |
| Kerrigan et al46 | FSW | N/A | (30) HIV incidence, (31) consistent condom use in past 30 days per partner type | (20) Gender-based violence experience | (11) Experiences of stigma and discrimination, (12) sex work stigma in community, (13) social cohesion, (14) participation in community mobilisation | None |
| Mergenova et al40 | FSW, PWID | N/A | (32) Biologically confirmed STI and (33) HIV rate, (34) unprotected sexual acts, (35) unsafe injection | (21) Condom use self-efficacy, (22) sexual communication skills, (23) savings | (15) Perceived stigma, (16) social norms score, (17) social support | None |
| Ramakrishnan et al49 | FSW | Effect favours intervention | (36) HIV prevalence, (37) consistent condom use with occasional and regular clients, (38) treatment for HIV and STIs, (39) knowledge of HIV transmission | None | None | None |
| Souverein et al44 | FSW | Effect favours intervention | (40) STI incidence rate, (41) condom use at last paid sex | None | None | None |
| USAID36 | FSW, MSM, TG | Effect favours intervention | (42) HIV testing, (43) no of sex partners, (44) consistent condom use in last relationship | (24) Trust in service/social support networks | None | (1)Recognition of unmet rights, (2) participation in political organisations, HIV association, including peer group socialisation, and government |
| Wirtz et al45 | MSM | Effect favours intervention | (45) Condom use at last sex, (46) use of lubricants, (47) casual male partners | (25) Disclosure of sexual orientation to family and healthcare providers | None | None |
For protocols, we reported outcomes the authors plan to measure in the coming study but have not yet measured.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; FSW, female sex workers; IDU, injecting drug users; IPV, intimate partner violence; MSM, men who have sex with men;N/A, not applicable; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; ; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; PWID, people who inject drugs; STI, sexually transmitted infection;TG, transgender; USAID, United States Agency for International Development.