Table 1

Overview of household water insecurity experiences study sites, by World Bnk region

World Bank regionSite (n)Water insecurity module versionUrbanicitySampling strategySeason of data collectionRespondent sex, % femaleRespondent age, mean (SD)Household size, mean (SD)
AfricaAccra, Ghana (229)1UrbanStratified randomRainy season78.237.3 (12.9)6.2 (5.2)
Lagos, Nigeria (239)1UrbanMulti-stage randomRainy season73.539.2 (10.8)4.8 (3.1)
Kahemba, DRC (392)*1RuralCluster randomised control trialDry season65.638.5 (14.7)6.7 (2.7)
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (259)1RuralStratified randomRainy season10036.0 (13.0)5.0 (2.2)
Singida, Tanzania (564)1RuralPurposive, community ledDry season56.732.8 (9.1)6.2 (2.2)
Lilongwe, Malawi (302)1Peri-urbanCluster randomNeither rainy nor dry season86.832.3 (12.0)5.2 (2.3)
Arua, Uganda (250)1RuralCluster randomRainy season85.636.5 (14.8)6.1 (2.9)
Kisumu, Kenya (247)1RuralSimple randomNeither rainy nor dry season81.339.3 (15.5)5.5 (2.8)
Kampala, Uganda (246)1UrbanPurposiveDry season69.137.3 (11.2)5.4 (3.0)
Morogoro, Tanzania (300)2Urban and peri-urbanCluster randomRainy season78.340.1 (14.9)6.2 (3.5)
East Asia and PacificUpolu, Samoa (176)†1Urban and peri-urbanPurposiveAcross multiple seasons57.550.9 (9.8)n.d.
Labuan Bajo, Indonesia (279)2UrbanCluster randomDry season44.838.2 (11.3)4.6 (1.9)
Europe and Central AsiaDushanbe, Tajikistan (225)1UrbanCluster randomDry season73.341.0 (14.4)5.5 (2.7)
Latin America and the CaribbeanCeará, Brazil (254)1UrbanCluster randomNeither rainy nor dry season70.143.2 (16.1)4.0 (1.8)
Mérida, Mexico (250)1UrbanCluster randomDry season63.245.3 (15.5)4.7 (2.7)
Acatenango, Guatemala (101)†1Peri-urbanCluster randomDry season93.048.0 (16.1)4.8 (2.1)
Honda, Colombia (196)*†1Peri-urbanCluster randomRainy season63.652.2 (15.2)3.4 (1.9)
Torreón, Mexico (249)2UrbanSimple randomMiddle/end of dry season73.146.3 (16.6)3.7 (1.9)
San Borja, Bolivia (247)2RuralSimple randomDry season58.640.0 (14.6)5.8 (3.0)
Chiquimula, Guatemala (314)2RuralSystematic randomMiddle/end of dry season86.638.8 (15.0)6.1 (2.5)
Gressier, Haiti (292)2Peri-urbanStratified randomDry season98.636.1 (14.0)5.0 (2.2)
Cartagena, Colombia (266)2UrbanStratified randomDry season69.240.8 (15.1)5.3 (2.8)
Middle East and North AfricaBeirut, Lebanon (573)2UrbanCluster randomRainy season63.842.9 (14.9)4.2 (1.9)
Sistan and Balochistan, Iran (306)2Urban, peri-urban and ruralStratified randomRainy season99.033.3 (10.9)5.4 (2.3)
South AsiaKathmandu, Nepal (263)1UrbanCluster randomRainy season71.541.4 (13.3)4.8 (2.2)
Pune, India (180)†1UrbanParallel assignment, non-randomisedAcross multiple seasons10029.5 (5.8)4.3 (2.7)
Punjab, Pakistan (235)2Rural and peri-urbanCluster randomDry season57.535.9 (10.1)8.1 (2.8)
Rajasthan, India (248)2UrbanStratified randomDry season27.041.9 (13.1)6.3 (3.6)
  • *Dropped from analysis because of problems with survey questionnaires.

  • †Dropped from analysis for achieving less than 90% of the a priori sample size.