Adherence to therapies Integration of new diagnostics/therapy strategies

Effective health messaging and information

Promotion of antibiotics

Public health messages

Voluntary/mandatory/market-based incentives

Appropriate access

Issue mainstreaming

Experience of treatment campaigns

Human microbiome, nutritional status, coinfection

Available antibiotics

Drug combinations vs monotherapies

Drug dosage

Frequency of dosage

Packaging design

Syndromic treatment

Prophylactic treatment

Universal health coverage

Deferred prescriptions

Distinctive labelling

Patient screening and isolation

Watchful waiting

Nudging prescription habits

Breeding and precision editing

Microbiome manipulation

Vaccines/disease eradication

Phage and Lysins

Immunomodulation

Novel antimicrobials

In feed enzymes

Prebiotics and probiotics

Phytochemicals (eg, essential oils)

Biosecurity/heard health planning

Husbandry Housing and animal welfare

Shift away from growth promoters

Training veterinary medics in importance of responsible antibiotic use

Improved biosecurity at farms

Rapid and cheap diagnostics

Restrictions on highly critical antibiotics

Peptides

Antibodies

Improve carcass and food handling

Reduce effluents from farms

Improved sanitation

Improved access to clean water

Primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment

Regulatory standards on discharges of antibiotics from production facilities including determination of differentiated maximum admissible levels of an antibiotic, ARB or ARG

Farm waste management membrane filtration, activated carbon bio filters, photo-driven technologies and ozonation, wetland-treatment

Infection prevention and control