Adjusted association between BMI/WHR and serum lipids in Malawian rural and urban women and men
| Adjusted difference in outcome per 1 SD higher BMI (95% CI) | Adjusted difference in outcome per 1 SD higher WHR (95% CI) | |
| Difference in mean TC (mmol/L) | ||
| Rural women (n=4971) (n=4975) | 0.23 (0.19 to 0.26) | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09) |
| Rural men (n=3548) (n=3549) | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.23) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.11) |
| Urban women (n=7455) | 0.13 (0.11 to 0.15) | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.12) |
| Urban men (n=3705) | 0.15 (0.12 to 0.18) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.11) |
| P values for difference between sex | 0.012 | 0.442 |
| P values for difference between area | <0.001 | 0.488 |
| Difference in mean LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||
| Rural women (n=4971) (n=4975) | 0.22 (0.19 to 0.24) | 0.06 (0.04 to 0.09) |
| Rural men (n=3548) (n=3549) | 0.18 (0.16 to 0.21) | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.11) |
| Urban women (n=7455) | 0.15 (0.13 to 0.17) | 0.10 (0.08 to 0.12) |
| Urban men (n=3705) | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.19) | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) |
| P values for difference between sex | 0.022 | 0.251 |
| P values for difference between area | 0.001 | 0.059 |
| Difference in mean HDL-C (mmol/L) | ||
| Rural women (n=4971) (n=4975) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) |
| Rural men (n=3548) (n=3549) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.02) |
| Urban women (n=7455) | −0.05 (−0.05 to −0.04) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) |
| Urban men (n=3705) | −0.04 (−0.05 to −0.04) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.03) |
| P values for difference between sex | 0.603 | 0.730 |
| P values for difference between area | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Difference in mean TG (mmol/L) | ||
| Rural women (n=4971) (n=4975) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.13) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.13) |
| Rural men (n=3548) (n=3549) | 0.16 (0.13 to 0.19) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.14) |
| Urban women (n=7455) | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.10) | 0.09 (0.08 to 0.11) |
| Urban men (n=3705) | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.20) | 0.13 (0.11 to 0.16) |
| P values for difference between sex | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| P values for difference between area | 0.039 | 0.127 |
Serum lipids were assessed in mmol/L.
Adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, household assets score, marital status, parity (women) use of lipid-lowering medication, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity and HIV/ART status.
BMI and WHR are used in SD.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist to hip ratio.