Univariate associations for mortality among all children admitted to the study hospitals with pneumonia
| Characteristic | Number of deaths/number of patients | Mortality | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Age 10–14 years | 51/363 | 14.05% | 2.38 (1.66 to 3.42) | <0.001 |
| Age 5–9 years | 94/1462 | 6.43% | ||
| Male | 75/1019 | 7.36% | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.16) | 0.318 |
| Female | 70/800 | 8.75% | ||
| High malaria transmission region | 85/846 | 10.05% | 1.71 (1.21 to 2.41) | 0.003 |
| Low malaria transmission region | 60/979 | 6.13% | ||
| Referred | 48/322 | 14.91% | 2.63 (1.78, 3.86) | <0.001 |
| Not referred | 74/1183 | 6.26% | ||
| Readmitted | 13/279 | 4.66% | 0.55 (0.31 to 1.00) | 0.063 |
| Not readmitted | 101/1243 | 8.13% | ||
| Temperature ≥38.0°C | 47/667 | 7.05% | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 0.83 |
| Temperature <38.0°C | 72/966 | 7.45% | ||
| Respiratory rate >30 | 94/1126 | 8.35% | 1.92 (1.13 to 3.27) | 0.019 |
| Respiratory rate ≤30 | 17/376 | 4.52% | ||
| Central cyanosis | 5/25 | 20% | 3.20 (1.18 to 8.67) | 0.033 |
| No central cyanosis | 126/1739 | 7.25% | ||
| Grunting | 35/270 | 12.96% | 2.15 (1.42 to 3.24) | <0.001 |
| No grunting | 95/1465 | 6.48% | ||
| Acidotic breathing | 10/70 | 14.29% | 2.21 (1.10 to 4.43) | 0.04 |
| No acidotic breathing | 116/1655 | 7.01% | ||
| Reduced consciousness | 37/128 | 28.91% | 6.65 (4.30 to 10.27) | <0.001 |
| Alert | 93/1613 | 5.77% | ||
| Cannot eat or drink | 47/296 | 15.88% | 3.42 (2.31 to 5.07) | <0.001 |
| Can eat and drink | 72/1378 | 5.22% | ||
| Stridor | 7/58 | 12.07% | 1.75 (0.78 to 3.93) | 0.268 |
| No stridor | 119/1633 | 7.29% | ||
| Difficulty breathing | 82/900 | 9.11% | 1.47 (1.03 to 2.10) | 0.04 |
| No difficulty breathing | 55/862 | 6.38% | ||
| Wheeze | 8/223 | 3.59% | 0.43 (0.20 to 0.88) | 0.026 |
| No wheeze | 122/1516 | 8.05% | ||
| Crackles | 59/613 | 9.62% | 1.59 (1.11 to 2.29) | 0.014 |
| No crackles | 70/1118 | 6.26% | ||
| Severe pallor | 34/113 | 30.09% | 9.57 (5.94 to 15.41) | <0.001 |
| Mild/Moderate pallor | 40/224 | 17.86% | 4.83 (3.15 to 7.41) | <0.001 |
| No pallor | 61/1417 | 4.30% | 1 | |
| Chest wall indrawing | 65/711 | 9.14% | 1.45 (1.01 to 2.07) | 0.05 |
| No chest wall indrawing | 67/1031 | 6.50% | ||
| Convulsions | 37/252 | 14.68% | 2.48 (1.65 to 3.72) | <0.001 |
| No convulsions | 97/1495 | 6.49% | ||
| Oxygen saturations <90% | 25/179 | 13.97% | 2.76 (1.61 to 4.76) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturations ≥90% | 35/631 | 5.55% | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm | 8/47 | 17.02% | 3.81 (1.66 to 8.77) | 0.002 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm | 35/685 | 5.11% | ||
| Severe pneumonia | 77/583 | 13.21% | 2.86 (2.01 to 4.07) | <0.001 |
| Non-severe pneumonia | 61/1209 | 5.05% | ||
| HIV positive | 33/181 | 18.23% | 3.05 (2.00 to 4.66) | <0.001 |
| Not HIV positive | 112/1644 | 6.81% | ||
| Malaria diagnosed | 48/542 | 8.86% | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.71) | 0.401 |
| No malaria diagnosed | 97/1283 | 7.56% | ||
| Severe malnutrition | 30/177 | 16.95% | 2.72 (1.76 to 4.21) | <0.001 |
| No severe malnutrition | 115/1648 | 6.98% | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 7/53 | 13.21% | 1.80 (0.80 to 4.07) | 0.238 |
| No sickle cell disease | 138/1772 | 7.79% | ||
| Asthma | 2/195 | 1.03% | 0.11 (0.03 to 0.44) | <0.001 |
| No asthma | 143/1630 | 8.77% | ||
| Cardiac disease | 5/25 | 20% | 2.96 (1.10 to 8.02) | 0.043 |
| No cardiac disease | 140/1800 | 7.78% | ||
| Renal disease | 2/15 | 13.33% | 1.79 (0.40 to 8.03) | 0.337 |
| No renal disease | 143/1810 | 7.90% | ||
| Diabetes | 1/4 | 25% | 3.88 (0.40 to 37.56) | 0.282 |
| No diabetes | 144/1821 | 7.91% | ||
| Chronic neurological disorder | 7/134 | 5.22% | 0.62 (0.28 to 1.35) | 0.296 |
| No chronic neurological disorder | 138/1691 | 8.16% | ||
| Sepsis | 3/9 | 33.33% | 5.89 (1.46 to 23.82) | 0.029 |
| No sepsis | 142/1816 | 7.82% | ||
| Diarrhoea with dehydration | 14/104 | 13.46% | 1.89 (1.05 to 3.41) | 0.051 |
| No diarrhoea with dehydration | 131/1721 | 7.61% | ||
| Acute neurological disorder | 53/194 | 27.32% | 6.29 (4.30 to 9.19) | <0.001 |
| No acute neurological disorder | 92/1631 | 5.64% |