Characteristics of persons with and without CKD in a community-based survey from India (CARRS-II)*
| No CKD n=7751 | CKD n=947 | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 44 (13) | 52 (15) |
| Age categories | ||
| 20 to <45 years | 4357 (56) | 306 (32) |
| 45 to <65 | 2850 (37) | 431 (46) |
| ≥65 | 544 (7) | 210 (22) |
| Women | 4123 (53) | 506 (53) |
| Education (years), mean±SD | 9 (5) | 8 (5) |
| Occupation | ||
| Professional | 866 (11) | 90 (10) |
| Skilled† | 1282 (17) | 120 (13) |
| Semiskilled | 1006 (13) | 92 (10) |
| Unskilled | 645 (8) | 53 (6) |
| Unemployed | 3817 (49) | 570 (60) |
| Missing | 135 (2) | 22 (2) |
| Household income | ||
| ≤10 000 | 3176 (41) | 392 (41) |
| 10 001–20 000 | 2492 (32) | 301 (32) |
| 20 000–40 000 | 1232 (16) | 163 (17) |
| >40 000 | 726 (9) | 74 (8) |
| Missing | 125 (2) | 17 (2) |
| Cooking fuel | ||
| Electric, gas or solar | 7445 (96) | 917 (97) |
| Charcoal or wood‡ | 306 (4) | 30 (3) |
| Drinking water source | ||
| Purified or reverse osmosis | 2741 (35) | 301(32) |
| Private tap | 2532 (33) | 362 (38) |
| Public tap§ | 2478 (32) | 284 (30) |
| Vegetarian | 275 (29) | 1963 (25) |
| Tobacco use (ever) | 1779 (23) | 256 (27) |
| Alcohol use (ever) | 1670 (22) | 228 (24) |
| Self-reported medical history | ||
| Family history (at <60 years) | ||
| Diabetes | 2155 (28) | 265 (28) |
| High blood pressure | 1584 (20) | 164 (17) |
| Heart disease | 420 (5) | 46 (5) |
| Diabetes | 1082 (14) | 367 (39) |
| Microvascular complications¶ | 170 (2) | 88 (9) |
| Heart disease | 217 (3) | 84 (9) |
| Stroke | 59 (1) | 23 (2) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 401 (5) | 103 (11) |
| Hypertension | 1167 (15) | 373 (39) |
| Kidney disease | 291 (4) | 67 (7) |
| Stone | 283 (97) | 48 (72) |
| Pain on walking** | 3050 (40) | 476 (50) |
| Medications | ||
| NSAIDs | 115 (2) | 20 (2) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 204 (3) | 53 (6) |
| Anthropometry and blood pressure | ||
| Quetelet’s BMI (kg/m2) | 26 (5) | 27 (6) |
| Missing | 59 (1) | 11 (1) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87 (13) | 92 (13) |
| Missing | 48 (1) | 11 (1) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125 (19) | 139 (25) |
| Missing | 33 (1) | 7 (1) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80 (11) | 85 (14) |
| Missing | 33 (1) | 7 (1) |
| Point-of-care laboratory tests | ||
| Urine dipstick glucose | ||
| Trace or nil | 7051 (91) | 693 (73) |
| ≥1+ | 576 (7) | 222 (23) |
| Missing | 124 (2) | 32 (3) |
| Urine dipstick protein | ||
| Trace or nil | 7640 (99) | 834 (88) |
| ≥1+ | 10 (1) | 87 (9) |
| Missing | 101 (1) | 26 (3) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 108 (39) | 144 (75) |
| Missing | 1 (0.01) | 2 (0.01) |
*Numbers represented as N (%) unless otherwise specified.
†Skill categories: skilled (small business owner, small land farmer, machinist, truck driver), semiskilled (rickshaw driver, carpenter or army infantry), unskilled (landless labourer).
‡Other fuel represents all non-induction fuel including dung, charcoal, kerosene.
§Public tap includes public and ‘other’ sources.
¶End-organ complication includes foot ulcers, amputation and retinopathy.
**Interpreted as a potential indicator for peripheral vascular disease.
CARRS-II, Center for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia study 2015; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.