Table 1

List of the included studies: systematic reviews

Author and title	Intervention	Outcomes
Systematic reviews
Alvarez et al, 2015³¹	Health system model Community engagement Intersectoral collaboration	Decentralisation, access to healthcare, quality of care
Baygi et al, 2013³⁷	Health system model	Decentralisation of workforce as part of health systems reform
Bosch‐Capblanch et al, 2008⁴¹	Workforce supervision	Availability of workforce, quality of care
Bosch‐Capblanch et al, 2011⁴²	Workforce supervision	Service coverage
Hone et al, 2017⁴⁶	User fee	Service coverage, compliance
Kiwanuka et al, 2011¹⁸	Workforce management	Compliance, availability of workforce
Kruk et al, 2010³⁸	Health system model	Service coverage, integration, access to healthcare, compliance, quality of care
Kok et al, 2015¹⁹	Workforce management	Accountability, quality of care
Larye et al, 2015²⁰	Health system model Workforce management	Health system reform, access to healthcare, availability of workforce
Laurant et al, 2005²¹	Workforce management	Compliance, quality of care
Lewin et al, 2005²²	Workforce management	Service coverage, compliance, availability of workforce
Lewin et al, 2010²³	Workforce management Education and training	Service coverage, compliance
Li et al, 2017²⁴	Workforce management Infrastructure	Service coverage, availability of workforce
Liu et al, 2007⁴⁷	Contracting out	Service coverage, access to healthcare, quality of care
Lodenstein et al, 2016³²	Community engagement	Accountability, access to healthcare, quality of care
Martínez-González et al, 2014²⁵	Workforce management	Service coverage, compliance, quality of care
Nora et al, 2013²⁶	Workforce management Infrastructure Referral User–provider communication	Access to healthcare, compliance, availability of workforce, quality of care
Nunan and Duke, 2011³³	Education and training Community engagement Workforce supervision User-fee Public–private partnership	Service coverage
Paula et al, 2016³⁹	Health system model	Service coverage, access to healthcare, quality of care
Ramírez et al, 2011²⁷	Workforce management Community engagement Infrastructure Intersectoral collaboration	Service coverage, Health system reform, access to healthcare
Schveitzer et al, 2016²⁸	Workforce management Education and training	Availability of workforce, quality of care,
Tabrizi et al, 2017⁴⁰	Health system model	Health system reform, access to healthcare
Vasan et al, 2017⁴³	Workforce supervision Education and training	Service coverage, quality of care
Willcox et al, 2015²⁹	Workforce management Education and training	Availability of workforce

Impact evaluation studies	Study design	Intervention	Outcomes
Heard et al, 2013, Bangladesh48	Baseline follow-up survey	Contracting out	Service coverage, access to healthcare, quality of care
Santos et al, 2017, Brazil30	Quasi-experimental, before-and-after study	Workforce management	Availability of workforce, service coverage, access to healthcare
Sudhipongpracha, 2013, Thailand34	Comparative case study	Health system model	Decentralisation of workforce
Sudhipongpracha, 2013, Thailand34	Comparative case study	Community engagement	Quality of care, social responsibilities
Hotchkiss et al, 2005, Albania35	Baseline follow-up survey	Education and Training	Quality of care
		Infrastructure	Quality of care
		Community engagement	Service coverage, access to healthcare
Alhassan et al, 2015, Ghana36	RCT	Community engagement	Quality of care
Frimpong et al, 2011, Philippines44	Time use study	Workforce supervision	Quality of care, service coverage
Loevinsohn et al, 199545	Controlled before-and-after design	Workforce supervision	Service coverage, quality of care

RCT, randomised controlled trial.