Table 2

Components of coverage, data collection methods and indicators for selected interventions along the continuum RMNCH+N

Intervention	Target population	Service contact	Likelihood of service	Crude coverage	Quality-adjusted coverage	User adherence adjusted	Outcome-adjusted coverage (effective coverage)
Data collection and analysis methods	Population survey, surveillance, estimates from population projections	Population survey (recall), facility reports	Facility readiness assessment and population survey (linked analysis)	Population survey, facility reports	Population survey, facility reports; facility assessment with measurement of practices (linked analysis)	Follow-up surveys	Multiple indicators with facility data; surveys often with biomarkers
Interventions		Increase awareness population, improve access, community workers	Improve service supplies and training	Health worker training and supervision to reduce missed opportunities	Health worker training and supervision to improve standards	Education clients through public and individual channels; community follow-up	Research to improve efficacy prevention and treatment methods
Family planning	Sexually active women who do not intend to become pregnant	Woman visits health facility (for any reason)	Facility that is FP ready	Receives FP methods	Multiple methods choice; standards followed	Use modern methods according to protocol	No unintended pregnancy
Antenatal visit	Women who are pregnant	Visits ANC clinic	Facility that is ANC ready	Receives ANC interventions	All relevant interventions and according to standard	Use of selected interventions at home (eg, IFA)	Positive pregnancy outcomes
Delivery care	Women who are delivering	Deliver in a health facility	Facility that is delivery care ready	Receives delivery care (SBA, partograph, etc)	Receives all required delivery interventions according to standards	–	Perinatal and maternal health outcomes
Postnatal care	Women who have delivered; newborns	Visits PNC clinic	Facility that is PNC ready	Receives PNC interventions	Receives PNC interventions according to standard	Use of selected interventions at home	Newborn and maternal health/survival postpartum
Immunisation	Infants at different ages	Infant visits health facility	Facility that is immunisation ready	Receives vaccination	Receives vaccination according to standards	Timely vaccination according to age and standard	Seroconversion; incidence and mortality due to VPD
ORS treatment	Children with diarrhoea	Taken to health facility	Facility ready to provide ORS	ORS received (and other treatment/advice)	ORS received according to standards	Use of intervention at home	Mortality/nutrition consequences due to diarrhoea
ARI treatment	Children with suspected pneumonia	Taken to health facility	Facility ready to diagnose and provide treatment	Receives diagnosis and treatment	Treatment received according to standards	Use of intervention at home/adherence	Mortality and nutrition consequences due to pneumonia
HIV ART	Person living with HIV	Visits health facility	Facility ready to diagnose and provide treatment	Receives treatment	Receives treatment according to standards	Adherence to treatment	Viral load suppression and survival
Malaria treatment	Children with fever	Visits health facility	Facility ready to diagnose and provide treatment	Receives treatment	Receives treatment according to standards	Adherence to treatment	Mortality/nutrition consequences due to malaria
Nutrition	Household population; children; women	Visits health facility or outreach clinic	Facility ready to diagnose and provide treatment	Receives nutritional food	Receives nutritional food according to standards	Uses nutritional food according to standards	Malnutrition prevalence

ANC, antenatal care; ARI, acute respiratory infection; ART, antiretroviral therapy; FP, family planning; IFA, iron folic acid; ORS, oral rehydration therapy; PNC, postnatal care; RMNCH+N, reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition; SBA, skilled birth attendant; VPD, vaccine preventable disease.