Characteristics | Intervention | Control |
Clusters randomised, n | 75 | 75 |
Clusters contributed to enrolment*, n | 74 | 74 |
Pregnant women enrolled per cluster, median (IQR) | 34 (24, 47) | 32 (21, 48) |
Pregnant women enrolled by LHWs, n | 2663 | 2788 |
Maternal age† (year), mean (SD) | 28.7 (4.3) | 28.7 (4.1) |
Any ANC received†, n (%) | 2051 (92.7) | 2148 (92.7) |
ANC4 coverage, n (%) | 738 (33.3) | 735 (31.7) |
Tetanus toxoid coverage during pregnancy‡, n (%) | ||
None | 292 (13.2) | 361 (15.6) |
One | 310 (14.0) | 326 (14.1) |
≥Two | 1611 (72.8) | 1629 (70.3) |
Gravidity†, median (min, max) | 3 (1, 18) | 3 (1, 18) |
Place of delivery§, n (%) | ||
Home | 1043 (39.8) | 1064 (38.7) |
Facility | 1579 (60.2) | 1684 (61.3) |
Type of delivery†, n (%) | ||
Vaginal delivery | 1614 (72.9) | 1697 (73.2) |
Caesarean section | 599 (27.1) | 621 (26.8) |
Delivery attendant, n (%) | ||
Doctor | 1082 (48.9) | 1195 (51.6) |
Traditional birth attendant | 782 (35.3) | 785 (33.9) |
Other | 349 (15.8) | 338 (14.6) |
Delivery outcomes§, n (%) | ||
Live singletons | 2533 (96.6) | 2660 (96.8) |
Live multiples¶ | 25 (1.0) | 19 (0.7) |
Stillbirth | 62 (2.4) | 68 (2.5) |
One stillbirth and one live birth | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) |
Twin stillbirths | – | 1 (0.0) |
Total live born infants, n | 2585 | 2701 |
Newborn sex**, n (%) | ||
Male | 1189 (53.0) | 1238 (52.8) |
Female | 1053 (47.0) | 1107 (47.2) |
Gestational age at birth† (weeks) | ||
Median, (IQR) | 39 (37, 40) | 39 (37, 40) |
Preterm (<37 weeks), n (%) | 418 (18.7) | 447 (19.1) |
Infant anthropometry | ||
Birth weight†† (g), mean (SD) | 2752.2 (438.3) | 2731.4 (439.7) |
Head circumference at birth‡‡(cm), mean (SD) | 32.4 (1.3) | 32.5 (1.3) |
Age-/sex-standardised growth parameter | ||
WAZ at birth,§§ mean (SD) | −1.08 (1.06) | −1.05 (1.02) |
HCAZ at birth,¶¶ mean (SD) | −1.33 (1.04) | −1.29 (1.00) |
Term low birth weight,*** n (%) | 362 (19.9) | 434 (23.0) |
Small for gestational age, §§n (%) | 936 (42.6) | 938 (41.0) |
*Two clusters, one from each treatment group, did not contribute to enrolment. Each ‘missing’ cluster contained only 1 LHW and these LHWs remained inactive in their government position throughout the study period.
†n=2213 and n=2318 in intervention and control group, respectively. Gestational age at birth was calculated using self-reported first day of last menstrual period (LMP).
‡n=2213 and n=2316 in intervention and control group, respectively.
§Delivery outcomes were available for 2622 and 2748 women in intervention and control group, respectively.
¶In the intervention group, 25 twin pairs were delivered. In the control group, 17 twin pairs and 2 sets of triplets were delivered.
**n=2242 and n=2345 in intervention and control group, respectively.
††n=2186 and n=2278 in intervention and control group, respectively.
‡‡n=2006 and n=2081 in intervention and control group, respectively.
§§n=2196 and n=2288 in intervention and control group, respectively. WAZ at birth were calculated using the Intergrowth package.32
¶¶n=2017 and n=2094 in intervention and control group, respectively. HCAZ at birth were calculated using the Intergrowth package.32
***n=1817 and n=1891 in intervention and control group, respectively.
ANC, antenatal care; HCAZ, Head circumference for age z-scores; LHWs, lady health workers; WAZ, Weight for age z-scores.