Table 3

Quality assessment of included studies (non-RCTs)

Evidence Project risk of bias tool (for non-RCTs)
Author, year	Study design includes			Comparison groups equivalent at baseline on		Random assignment (group or individual) to the intervention	Participants randomly selected for assessment	Control for potential confounders	Follow-up rate ≥75%
Author, year	Preintervention and postintervention data	Control or comparison group	Cohort	Sociodemographics	Outcome measures	Random assignment (group or individual) to the intervention	Participants randomly selected for assessment	Control for potential confounders	Follow-up rate ≥75%
Castle et al, 201126	No	Yes	No	No	Not reported	No	Yes	No	Yes
Duke et al, 201528	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lam et al, 201737	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Virtanen et al, 201549	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not reported	Yes	No	Yes	No

Green: low risk of bias; red: high risk of bias; yellow: not reported/unclear risk of bias.
RCT, randomised controlled trial.