World region (1) | Increase in tobacco excise tax | Ban tobacco advertising | Increase in alcohol tax | Ban alcohol advertising | Addition of sugar-sweetened beverage tax | School programmes | Total costs |
Low-income countries | 160 (110 to 220) | 130 (80 to 170) | 140 (110 to 80) | 140 (20 to 160) | 140 (90 to 190) | 1000 (690 to 1400) | 1700 (1100 to 2200) |
Lower middle-income countries | 460 (320 to 640) | 600 (400 to 800) | 430 (320 to 350) | 510 (110 to 600) | 480 (320 to 640) | 13 200 (8900 to 18 000) | 16 000 (10 000 to 21 000) |
Upper middle-income countries | 440 (310 to 610) | 550 (370 to 730) | 390 (70 to 310) | 250 (30 to 250) | 460 (310 to 610) | 25 000 (17 000 to 33 000) | 27 000 (18 000 to 35 000) |
High-income countries | 470 (310 to 620) | 1120 (750 to 1490) | 470 (310 to 80) | 1080 (110 to 1430) | 470 (310 to 620) | 27 000 (18 000 to 36 000) | 31 000 (20 000 to 40 000) |
Global | 1700 (1200 to 2400) | 2700 (1800 to 3600) | 1600 (1200 to 670) | 2300 (310 to 2760) | 1800 (1200 to 2300) | 75 000 (50 000 to 100 000) | 85 000 (56 000 to 110 000) |
Costs are in millions of 2016 US dollars, discounted at 3% annually. The range of values given in parentheses come from the best-case and worst-case scenario analyses. ‘Total costs’ may not add up exactly due to rounding. ‘Global’ totals aggregate the totals from the four income groups divided by 88% (the percentage of the 5–14 world population represented by the 70 countries). Worst case ‘increase in alcohol tax’ costs are lower than the base case because in this scenario many countries have fully achieved alcohol tax rate goals, meaning there are no additional costs to implement the policy (as well as no health benefits).