Levels of gross domestic expenditure in R&D (% of GDP)
| Expenditure on R&D (% of GDP) | Countries |
| >0.6 | Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia |
| 0.4–0.6 | Ethiopia, Gabon, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda |
| 0.2–0.4 | Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sudan, Togo, Zambia |
| 0.1–0.2 | Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gambia, Mauritius, Namibia |
| 0<0.1 | Algeria, Cabo Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar |
| No data | Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Libya, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Swaziland, Zimbabwe |
Sources: refs13–15.
GDP, gross domestic product; R&D, research and development.