| Retaining political commitment |
Improve education and risk perception of leaders in all relevant sectors, as well as the wider community Health security to be given standing priority Regional funding mechanisms to sustain core activities Establish mechanisms to ensure lessons from EID outbreaks are critically reviewed and acted on
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| Weak health systems |
Increased domestic investment in health systems (in general) Coordinated international assistance to build local capacity Commitment to universal health coverage
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| Limited EID surveillance and reporting |
Conduct comprehensive assessments using the IHR monitoring and evaluation framework Invest in basic quality-assured laboratory infrastructure Maintain functional national/regional reporting systems
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| Subnational vulnerability not considered; all MEF tools rarely used |
JEE assessment to consider subnational vulnerability; optimise the use of all MEF tools Encourage local engagement to consider risks and identify workable solutions that will increase ‘all hazard’ resilience
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| Misalignment of international donor and local priorities |
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| Emergency infrastructure are expensive to maintain and often underused |
Disaster risk reduction and preparedness infrastructure should be designed for continuous use and training Develop models where high-level containment facilities (laboratory or clinical) can be scaled up or down as required
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| Poor linkage of human, animal and environmental surveillance data |
Ensure cross-sectorial linkage; integrate IHR with OIE’s Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services to improve livestock and wildlife disease surveillance Encourage One Health collaboration at Regional and National levels, specifically among public health officials Increase awareness of environmental determinants of disease
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| ‘Silos’ within WHO and between WHO, OIE and FAO |
Increase linkage between different WHO programmes, for example, between Health Emergencies, Health Systems and Communicable Diseases Strengthen functional forums that link WHO, OIE and FAO activities relevant to EIDs and AMR
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| All hazards not uniformly relevant |
Allow small countries to rank the relevance of different hazards since all specified hazards may not be applicable Encourage/provide access to regional resources where appropriate; recognise as adequate
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