Table 1

Characteristics of included ‘urban-rural’ built environment characteristic studies

StudyCountryStudy
design
Number of participantsBlood lipidMean±SD mmol/L per blood lipid
UrbanRuralUrbanRural
♀♂♀♂♀♂♀♂
Abdul-Rahim, Husseini46 PalestineCS492500TC5.23±1.335.15±1.11
HDL0.90±0.221.17±0.45
LDL3.75±1.103.27±1.32
TG1.86±2.661.53±1.57
Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber47 MexicoCS167815640TC5.75±1.125.6±0.955.5±1.15.02±0.97
HDL1.26±0.331.08±0.261.26±0.281.31±0.36
LDL3.93±1.083.86±0.933.6±1.13.2±0.92
TG1.68±0.421.96±1.381.56±0.491.65±1.4
Al-Nuaim48 Saudi ArabiaCS864875584601TC4.35±1.54.2±1.44.4±1.54.4±1.6
HDL1.2±0.51.3±0.61.3±0.81.4±0.8
LDL3.3±1.33.1±1.53.0±1.52.5±1.0
Cai, Zhang49 ChinaCSTC5.14±1.045.00±0.984.96±0.995.09±1.09
HDL1.60±0.481.37±0.401.57±0.411.37±0.48
LDL3.32±1.003.23±0.953.14±0.963.37±1.11
TG1.35±1.091.69±1.511.32±1.291.89±2.37
Campos, Bailey50 Costa RicaCS869988103TC4.89±0.854.73±0.804.63±1.094.47±0.88
HDL1.19±0.261.01±0.231.16±0.231.09±0.23
LDL3.05±0.752.87±0.782.84±0.882.72±0.80
TG1.41±0.701.82±0.891.32±0.641.50±0.71
Das, Pal51 IndiaCS10212289135TC4.97±0.605.12±0.765.28±0.605.14±0.74
HDL1.15±0.121.18±0.121.17±0.131.17±0.15
LDL3.07±0.593.19±0.753.42±0.613.26±0.76
TG1.63±0.261.64±0.321.51±0.251.55±0.32
Delisle, Ntandou-Bouzitou33 BeninCS1001008585HDL1.37±0.401.22±0.201.62±0.371.29±0.92
Du, Su52 ChinaCS2879918TC4.34 (3.04 to 5.15)4.20 (2.76 to 5.05)
HDL1.15 (0.95 to 1.36)1.03 (0.83 to 1.26)
LDL2.77 (2.33 to 3.32)2.78 (2.26 to 3.32)
TG1.85 (1.13 to 3.94)2.05 (1.27 to 4.13)
Gharbi, Belhani30 TunisiaCS201168155146TC4.75±1.504.51±1.274.27±1.134.05±1.30
HDL1.07±0.390.90±0.131.05±0.440.80±0.15
TG1.41±1.121.50±1.421.06±0.671.34±0.91
Glew, Conn53 NigeriaCS77557942TC4.40±0.774.09±0.753.62±0.803.62±0.77
HDL1.29±0.291.16±0.271.06±0.300.96±0.34
LDL2.40±0.702.17±0.651.94±0.711.91±0.65
TG1.52±0.741.67±1.001.22±0.741.65±1.02
Gregory, Dai54 GuatemalaCS155119372241TC4.26±0.854.35±0.914.21±0.794.00±0.83
HDL1.04±0.260.86±0.231.00±0.280.88±0.24
LDL2.42±0.712.58±0.822.33±0.652.24±0.69
TG1.82±1.012.06±1.151.91±0.911.93±1.00
Gu, Reynolds55 ChinaCS4163373038513796TC5.08±1.235.00±1.224.81±1.244.72±1.29
HDL1.36±0.621.21±0.611.36±0.621.35±0.65
LDL3.05±1.233.03±1.222.82±1.242.75±1.29
TG1.50±1.231.75±1.831.42±1.241.38±1.29
Gupta, Prakash56 IndiaCS199202TC4.55±1.114.27±0.96
HDL1.11±0.311.14±0.31
LDL2.78±1.012.50±0.85
TG1.42±0.621.38±0.52
He, Gu57*ChinaCS4163373038513796TC5.084.994.84.71
HDL1.351.211.361.34
LDL3.063.022.812.75
TG1.501.751.421.38
Htet, Bjertness58 MyanmarCS379376362369TC5.4±0.955.5±0.975.4±1.755.0±1.73
HDL1.1±0.191.2±0.191.3±0.191.3±0.38
TG1.6±0.761.9±1.361.4±1.751.5±1.34
Huang, Wu59 ChinaCS2361255223411631TC4.85±1.004.73±0.904.17±0.924.25±0.91
HDL1.46±0.361.33±0.321.37±0.321.33±0.33
Joshi, Anjana60 IndiaCS5901452TC4.32±1.113.98±0.98
HDL1.01±0.311.01±0.31
LDL2.51±0.852.3±0.83
Kodaman, Aldrich61 GhanaCS1293972583469TC4.70±1.094.41±1.13.94±0.953.68±0.94
HDL1.27±0.381.12±0.341.20±0.411.15±0.38
LDL2.95±0.972.75±0.882.29±0.841.98±0.71
TG0.94±0.640.87±0.530.93±0.590.93±0.60
Lim, Jang28 South KoreaLT2497252327842240TC5.19±0.975.33±0.925.12±0.934.86±0.93
HDL1.34±0.311.21±0.271.30±0.311.27±0.33
LDL3.21±0.893.37±0.933.14±0.882.86±0.99
TG1.47±0.931.92±1.271.89±1.401.63±1.07
Mbalilaki, Hellènius62 TanzaniaCS225259256245TC4.5±1.04.5±1.13.8±1.13.6±1.0
HDL1.2±0.31.1±0.31.0±0.40.9±0.3
LDL2.7±0.92.7±1.02.1±0.92.0±0.8
TG1.4±1.01.8±1.21.4±0.61.5±0.8
Miranda, Gilman32PeruCS199201TC5.04±1.034.03±0.86
HDL1.15±0.281.14±0.34
LDL3.10±0.882.21±0.70
TG1.52±1.231.28±0.80
Mohan, Gupta63 IndiaCS22292616TC4.90±1.004.31±0.79
Mollentze, Moore64 Orange Free StateCS468290574279TC5.09±1.154.99±1.194.85±1.124.72±1.30
HDL1.36±0.451.38±0.511.20±0.341.24±0.49
LDL3.16±1.062.94±1.163.15±1.112.80±1.01
TG1.21±0.931.52±1.291.24±0.661.48±1.03
Ntandou, Delisle65 BeninCS1001008585TG0.75±0.30.89±0.40.72±0.30.81±0.4
Obirikorang, Osakunor66 GhanaCS312360TC5.00 (4.65 to 5.50)4.80 (4.55 to 5.20)
HDL1.00 (0.80 to 1.20)1.00 (0.80–1.20)
LDL3.40 (3.05 to 3.80)3.10 (2.70 to 3.60)
TG1.20 (0.80 to 1.40)1.35 (1.10 to 1.70)
Oommen, Abraham67 IndiaCS1341105821321667TC4.7±1.084.91±1.054.52±1.104.53±1.18
HDL0.87±0.280.79±0.341.03±0.300.96±0.31
TG1.40±0.891.73±1.201.27±0.811.55±1.28
Pandey et al 2013IndiaCS20082616TC4.67±0.814.31±0.93
Patel, Woodward68 ThailandCS200211301210963TC5.71±3.585.54±3.705.18±2.434.80±2.48
HDL1.34±0.891.19±0.671.13±0.671.06±0.62
LDL3.71±3.133.61±3.703.28±2.782.86±2.48
TG1.51±3.131.88±2.171.73±2.782.15±2.02
Pongchaiyakul, Hongsprabhas69 ThailandCS290305187134TC5.28±1.045.35±1.104.98±1.384.38±1.08
HDL1.53±0.341.36±0.291.31±0.291.32±0.30
LDL3.16±0.943.1±1.002.85±1.152.24±0.88
TG1.26±0.881.94±1.241.80±1.201.79±0.96
Prabhakaran, Roy70IndiaLT9504TC4.98±0.974.96±1.144.35±1.014.93±1.09
Reddy, Ramachandraiah71 IndiaCS190190TC4.62±1.173.85±0.92
HDL1.15±0.311.13±0.38
LDL2.67±1.042.09±0.77
TG1.70±0.641.43±0.49
Richter, Baumgartner72 South-AfricaCS591393633333TC5.02 (4.18 to 0.09)4.68 (3.84–5.71)4.85 (4.11 to 5.95)4.50 (3.81 to 5.53)
HDL1.36 (1.03 to 1.78)1.50 (1.12 to 2.04)1.39 (1.09 to 1.84)1.45 (1.02 to 1.94)
LDL3.35 (2.55 to 4.12)2.86 (2.17 to 3.73)3.15 (2.50 to 4.09)2.85 (2.9 to 3.62)
TG1.18 (0.87 to 1.78)1.00 (0.78 to 1.46)1.09 (0.81 to 1.49)0.97 (0.76 to 1.35)
Russell-Jones, Hoskins73 Fijian Mela-nesianCS713510987TC5.2±1.35.6±1.64.0±1.03.81±1.0
Sarrafzadegan, Talaei74 IranCS45721751TC5.64±1.355.33±1.345.74±1.385.46±1.29
HDL1.24±0.271.16±0.261.27±0.271.19±0.25
LDL3.41±1.103.13±1.113.52±1.143.34±1.07
TG2.15±1.142.25±1.232.05±1.092.04±1.16
Seck, Dia75 SenegalCS557469TC6.75±0.525.38±0.26
Silambuselvi and Murugu Valavan76 IndiaCSTC5.445.11
HDL1.161.39
LDL3.563.42
TG1.841.80
Singh, Rastogi77 IndiaCS139172115140HDL1.27±0.241.25±0.201.22±0.151.18±0.12
Snehalatha and Ramachandran78 IndiaCS15212145TC4.47±0.943.93±0.93
HDL1.17±0.261.09±0.24
TG1.39±0.851.33±0.89
Song, Li29ChinaCS19 84120 029TC4.05±6.244.66±4.233.79±5.214.54±5.66
Tatsukawa, Sawayama79 JapanCS7033751688676TC5.37±0.925.03±0.775.52±1.005.33±0.90
HDL1.52±0.351.43±0.341.67±0.371.46±0.37
LDL3.22±0.842.92±0.723.37±0.893.22±0.81
TG1.38±0.751.49±0.821.07±0.611.41±0.79
Tazi, Abir-Khalil80 MoroccoCS7551047TC4.89±1.164.42±1.06
Vrdoljak, Marković81 CroatiaCS1824642TC5.905.72
HDL1.571.60
LDL3.533.52
TG1.801.94
Wang, Wei31 ChinaCS547763862676TC4.32±0.904.64±0.984.10±0.894.03±0.94
1.20±0.301.05±0.281.18±0.311.09±0.32
2.52±0.752.58±0.952.43±0.702.38±0.78
1.31±1.002.28±2.351.07±0.731.24±1.27
Weng, Liu82 §ChinaCS8081191177TC4.45±0.724.22±0.723.39±1.113.39±1.73
HDL1.42±0.541.09±0.181.20±0.411.22±0.40
LDL2.73±0.892.73±0.721.99±0.831.98±1.60
TG1.04±0.801.52±0.990.78±0.410.65±0.67
Woo, Chook83 ChinaCS116116TC5.16±0.965.14±1.02
HDL1.49±0.361.33±0.40
LDL3.16±0.873.21±0.94
TG1.08±0.671.30±1.04
Wyatt, Griew84 Papua New GuineaCS23864922TC3.96±0.883.64±0.863.78±1.093.57±1.29
TG0.61±0.250.63±0.190.60±0.380.60±0.18
Xu, Ming85 ChinaCS1467890HDL1.30±0.301.32±0.31
TG1.58±1.181.49±1.03
  • *Only SEM reported but no information on number of participants per group.

  • †Migration study. Only data on urban and rural levels are provided in this table. Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber.47

  • ‡Longitudinal study. Total number of participants of first and second wave reported. Urban levels of first wave are provided in the urban male cell. Urban levels of second wave are depicted in the urban female cell. Accordingly, the rural levels of the first and second wave are provided in the cells for rural males and females, respectively.

  • §Migration study. Rural represents data of ‘Yi farmers’. Urban represents ‘Yi migrants’.

  • ♀, females; ♂, males; ♀♂, males and females combined; CS, cross-sectional; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein;NR, not reported; TC, total cholesterol;TG, triglycerides.