Study | Country | Study design | Number of participants | Blood lipid | Mean±SD mmol/L per blood lipid | ||||||||||
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | ||||||||||||
♀♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ||||
Abdul-Rahim, Husseini46 | Palestine | CS | 492 | 500 | TC | 5.23±1.33 | 5.15±1.11 | ||||||||
HDL | 0.90±0.22 | 1.17±0.45 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.75±1.10 | 3.27±1.32 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.86±2.66 | 1.53±1.57 | |||||||||||||
Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber47 | Mexico | CS | 167 | 81 | 56 | 40 | TC | 5.75±1.12 | 5.6±0.95 | 5.5±1.1 | 5.02±0.97 | ||||
HDL | 1.26±0.33 | 1.08±0.26 | 1.26±0.28 | 1.31±0.36 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.93±1.08 | 3.86±0.93 | 3.6±1.1 | 3.2±0.92 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.68±0.42 | 1.96±1.38 | 1.56±0.49 | 1.65±1.4 | |||||||||||
Al-Nuaim48 | Saudi Arabia | CS | 864 | 875 | 584 | 601 | TC | 4.35±1.5 | 4.2±1.4 | 4.4±1.5 | 4.4±1.6 | ||||
HDL | 1.2±0.5 | 1.3±0.6 | 1.3±0.8 | 1.4±0.8 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.3±1.3 | 3.1±1.5 | 3.0±1.5 | 2.5±1.0 | |||||||||||
Cai, Zhang49 | China | CS | TC | 5.14±1.04 | 5.00±0.98 | 4.96±0.99 | 5.09±1.09 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.60±0.48 | 1.37±0.40 | 1.57±0.41 | 1.37±0.48 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.32±1.00 | 3.23±0.95 | 3.14±0.96 | 3.37±1.11 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.35±1.09 | 1.69±1.51 | 1.32±1.29 | 1.89±2.37 | |||||||||||
Campos, Bailey50 | Costa Rica | CS | 86 | 99 | 88 | 103 | TC | 4.89±0.85 | 4.73±0.80 | 4.63±1.09 | 4.47±0.88 | ||||
HDL | 1.19±0.26 | 1.01±0.23 | 1.16±0.23 | 1.09±0.23 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.05±0.75 | 2.87±0.78 | 2.84±0.88 | 2.72±0.80 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.41±0.70 | 1.82±0.89 | 1.32±0.64 | 1.50±0.71 | |||||||||||
Das, Pal51 | India | CS | 102 | 122 | 89 | 135 | TC | 4.97±0.60 | 5.12±0.76 | 5.28±0.60 | 5.14±0.74 | ||||
HDL | 1.15±0.12 | 1.18±0.12 | 1.17±0.13 | 1.17±0.15 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.07±0.59 | 3.19±0.75 | 3.42±0.61 | 3.26±0.76 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.63±0.26 | 1.64±0.32 | 1.51±0.25 | 1.55±0.32 | |||||||||||
Delisle, Ntandou-Bouzitou33 | Benin | CS | 100 | 100 | 85 | 85 | HDL | 1.37±0.40 | 1.22±0.20 | 1.62±0.37 | 1.29±0.92 | ||||
Du, Su52 | China | CS | 2879 | 918 | TC | 4.34 (3.04 to 5.15) | 4.20 (2.76 to 5.05) | ||||||||
HDL | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.36) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.26) | |||||||||||||
LDL | 2.77 (2.33 to 3.32) | 2.78 (2.26 to 3.32) | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.85 (1.13 to 3.94) | 2.05 (1.27 to 4.13) | |||||||||||||
Gharbi, Belhani30 | Tunisia | CS | 201 | 168 | 155 | 146 | TC | 4.75±1.50 | 4.51±1.27 | 4.27±1.13 | 4.05±1.30 | ||||
HDL | 1.07±0.39 | 0.90±0.13 | 1.05±0.44 | 0.80±0.15 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.41±1.12 | 1.50±1.42 | 1.06±0.67 | 1.34±0.91 | |||||||||||
Glew, Conn53 | Nigeria | CS | 77 | 55 | 79 | 42 | TC | 4.40±0.77 | 4.09±0.75 | 3.62±0.80 | 3.62±0.77 | ||||
HDL | 1.29±0.29 | 1.16±0.27 | 1.06±0.30 | 0.96±0.34 | |||||||||||
LDL | 2.40±0.70 | 2.17±0.65 | 1.94±0.71 | 1.91±0.65 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.52±0.74 | 1.67±1.00 | 1.22±0.74 | 1.65±1.02 | |||||||||||
Gregory, Dai54 | Guatemala | CS | 155 | 119 | 372 | 241 | TC | 4.26±0.85 | 4.35±0.91 | 4.21±0.79 | 4.00±0.83 | ||||
HDL | 1.04±0.26 | 0.86±0.23 | 1.00±0.28 | 0.88±0.24 | |||||||||||
LDL | 2.42±0.71 | 2.58±0.82 | 2.33±0.65 | 2.24±0.69 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.82±1.01 | 2.06±1.15 | 1.91±0.91 | 1.93±1.00 | |||||||||||
Gu, Reynolds55 | China | CS | 4163 | 3730 | 3851 | 3796 | TC | 5.08±1.23 | 5.00±1.22 | 4.81±1.24 | 4.72±1.29 | ||||
HDL | 1.36±0.62 | 1.21±0.61 | 1.36±0.62 | 1.35±0.65 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.05±1.23 | 3.03±1.22 | 2.82±1.24 | 2.75±1.29 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.50±1.23 | 1.75±1.83 | 1.42±1.24 | 1.38±1.29 | |||||||||||
Gupta, Prakash56 | India | CS | 199 | 202 | TC | 4.55±1.11 | 4.27±0.96 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.11±0.31 | 1.14±0.31 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 2.78±1.01 | 2.50±0.85 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.42±0.62 | 1.38±0.52 | |||||||||||||
He, Gu57* | China | CS | 4163 | 3730 | 3851 | 3796 | TC | 5.08 | 4.99 | 4.8 | 4.71 | ||||
HDL | 1.35 | 1.21 | 1.36 | 1.34 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.06 | 3.02 | 2.81 | 2.75 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.50 | 1.75 | 1.42 | 1.38 | |||||||||||
Htet, Bjertness58 | Myanmar | CS | 379 | 376 | 362 | 369 | TC | 5.4±0.95 | 5.5±0.97 | 5.4±1.75 | 5.0±1.73 | ||||
HDL | 1.1±0.19 | 1.2±0.19 | 1.3±0.19 | 1.3±0.38 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.6±0.76 | 1.9±1.36 | 1.4±1.75 | 1.5±1.34 | |||||||||||
Huang, Wu59 | China | CS | 2361 | 2552 | 2341 | 1631 | TC | 4.85±1.00 | 4.73±0.90 | 4.17±0.92 | 4.25±0.91 | ||||
HDL | 1.46±0.36 | 1.33±0.32 | 1.37±0.32 | 1.33±0.33 | |||||||||||
Joshi, Anjana60 | India | CS | 590 | 1452 | TC | 4.32±1.11 | 3.98±0.98 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.01±0.31 | 1.01±0.31 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 2.51±0.85 | 2.3±0.83 | |||||||||||||
Kodaman, Aldrich61 | Ghana | CS | 1293 | 972 | 583 | 469 | TC | 4.70±1.09 | 4.41±1.1 | 3.94±0.95 | 3.68±0.94 | ||||
HDL | 1.27±0.38 | 1.12±0.34 | 1.20±0.41 | 1.15±0.38 | |||||||||||
LDL | 2.95±0.97 | 2.75±0.88 | 2.29±0.84 | 1.98±0.71 | |||||||||||
TG | 0.94±0.64 | 0.87±0.53 | 0.93±0.59 | 0.93±0.60 | |||||||||||
Lim, Jang28 | South Korea | LT | 2497 | 2523 | 2784 | 2240 | TC | 5.19±0.97 | 5.33±0.92 | 5.12±0.93 | 4.86±0.93 | ||||
HDL | 1.34±0.31 | 1.21±0.27 | 1.30±0.31 | 1.27±0.33 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.21±0.89 | 3.37±0.93 | 3.14±0.88 | 2.86±0.99 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.47±0.93 | 1.92±1.27 | 1.89±1.40 | 1.63±1.07 | |||||||||||
Mbalilaki, Hellènius62 | Tanzania | CS | 225 | 259 | 256 | 245 | TC | 4.5±1.0 | 4.5±1.1 | 3.8±1.1 | 3.6±1.0 | ||||
HDL | 1.2±0.3 | 1.1±0.3 | 1.0±0.4 | 0.9±0.3 | |||||||||||
LDL | 2.7±0.9 | 2.7±1.0 | 2.1±0.9 | 2.0±0.8 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.4±1.0 | 1.8±1.2 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.5±0.8 | |||||||||||
Miranda, Gilman32 † | Peru | CS | 199 | 201 | TC | 5.04±1.03 | 4.03±0.86 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.15±0.28 | 1.14±0.34 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.10±0.88 | 2.21±0.70 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.52±1.23 | 1.28±0.80 | |||||||||||||
Mohan, Gupta63 | India | CS | 2229 | 2616 | TC | 4.90±1.00 | 4.31±0.79 | ||||||||
Mollentze, Moore64 | Orange Free State | CS | 468 | 290 | 574 | 279 | TC | 5.09±1.15 | 4.99±1.19 | 4.85±1.12 | 4.72±1.30 | ||||
HDL | 1.36±0.45 | 1.38±0.51 | 1.20±0.34 | 1.24±0.49 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.16±1.06 | 2.94±1.16 | 3.15±1.11 | 2.80±1.01 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.21±0.93 | 1.52±1.29 | 1.24±0.66 | 1.48±1.03 | |||||||||||
Ntandou, Delisle65 | Benin | CS | 100 | 100 | 85 | 85 | TG | 0.75±0.3 | 0.89±0.4 | 0.72±0.3 | 0.81±0.4 | ||||
Obirikorang, Osakunor66 | Ghana | CS | 312 | 360 | TC | 5.00 (4.65 to 5.50) | 4.80 (4.55 to 5.20) | ||||||||
HDL | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.20) | 1.00 (0.80–1.20) | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.40 (3.05 to 3.80) | 3.10 (2.70 to 3.60) | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.20 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.35 (1.10 to 1.70) | |||||||||||||
Oommen, Abraham67 | India | CS | 1341 | 1058 | 2132 | 1667 | TC | 4.7±1.08 | 4.91±1.05 | 4.52±1.10 | 4.53±1.18 | ||||
HDL | 0.87±0.28 | 0.79±0.34 | 1.03±0.30 | 0.96±0.31 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.40±0.89 | 1.73±1.20 | 1.27±0.81 | 1.55±1.28 | |||||||||||
Pandey et al 2013 | India | CS | 2008 | 2616 | TC | 4.67±0.81 | 4.31±0.93 | ||||||||
Patel, Woodward68 | Thailand | CS | 2002 | 1130 | 1210 | 963 | TC | 5.71±3.58 | 5.54±3.70 | 5.18±2.43 | 4.80±2.48 | ||||
HDL | 1.34±0.89 | 1.19±0.67 | 1.13±0.67 | 1.06±0.62 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.71±3.13 | 3.61±3.70 | 3.28±2.78 | 2.86±2.48 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.51±3.13 | 1.88±2.17 | 1.73±2.78 | 2.15±2.02 | |||||||||||
Pongchaiyakul, Hongsprabhas69 | Thailand | CS | 290 | 305 | 187 | 134 | TC | 5.28±1.04 | 5.35±1.10 | 4.98±1.38 | 4.38±1.08 | ||||
HDL | 1.53±0.34 | 1.36±0.29 | 1.31±0.29 | 1.32±0.30 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.16±0.94 | 3.1±1.00 | 2.85±1.15 | 2.24±0.88 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.26±0.88 | 1.94±1.24 | 1.80±1.20 | 1.79±0.96 | |||||||||||
Prabhakaran, Roy70 ‡ | India | LT | 9504 | TC | 4.98±0.97 | 4.96±1.14 | 4.35±1.01 | 4.93±1.09 | |||||||
Reddy, Ramachandraiah71 | India | CS | 190 | 190 | TC | 4.62±1.17 | 3.85±0.92 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.15±0.31 | 1.13±0.38 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 2.67±1.04 | 2.09±0.77 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.70±0.64 | 1.43±0.49 | |||||||||||||
Richter, Baumgartner72 | South-Africa | CS | 591 | 393 | 633 | 333 | TC | 5.02 (4.18 to 0.09) | 4.68 (3.84–5.71) | 4.85 (4.11 to 5.95) | 4.50 (3.81 to 5.53) | ||||
HDL | 1.36 (1.03 to 1.78) | 1.50 (1.12 to 2.04) | 1.39 (1.09 to 1.84) | 1.45 (1.02 to 1.94) | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.35 (2.55 to 4.12) | 2.86 (2.17 to 3.73) | 3.15 (2.50 to 4.09) | 2.85 (2.9 to 3.62) | |||||||||||
TG | 1.18 (0.87 to 1.78) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.46) | 1.09 (0.81 to 1.49) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.35) | |||||||||||
Russell-Jones, Hoskins73 | Fijian Mela-nesian | CS | 71 | 35 | 109 | 87 | TC | 5.2±1.3 | 5.6±1.6 | 4.0±1.0 | 3.81±1.0 | ||||
Sarrafzadegan, Talaei74 | Iran | CS | 4572 | 1751 | TC | 5.64±1.35 | 5.33±1.34 | 5.74±1.38 | 5.46±1.29 | ||||||
HDL | 1.24±0.27 | 1.16±0.26 | 1.27±0.27 | 1.19±0.25 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.41±1.10 | 3.13±1.11 | 3.52±1.14 | 3.34±1.07 | |||||||||||
TG | 2.15±1.14 | 2.25±1.23 | 2.05±1.09 | 2.04±1.16 | |||||||||||
Seck, Dia75 | Senegal | CS | 557 | 469 | TC | 6.75±0.52 | 5.38±0.26 | ||||||||
Silambuselvi and Murugu Valavan76 | India | CS | TC | 5.44 | 5.11 | ||||||||||
HDL | 1.16 | 1.39 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.56 | 3.42 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.84 | 1.80 | |||||||||||||
Singh, Rastogi77 | India | CS | 139 | 172 | 115 | 140 | HDL | 1.27±0.24 | 1.25±0.20 | 1.22±0.15 | 1.18±0.12 | ||||
Snehalatha and Ramachandran78 | India | CS | 1521 | 2145 | TC | 4.47±0.94 | 3.93±0.93 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.17±0.26 | 1.09±0.24 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.39±0.85 | 1.33±0.89 | |||||||||||||
Song, Li29‡ | China | CS | 19 841 | 20 029 | TC | 4.05±6.24 | 4.66±4.23 | 3.79±5.21 | 4.54±5.66 | ||||||
Tatsukawa, Sawayama79 | Japan | CS | 703 | 375 | 1688 | 676 | TC | 5.37±0.92 | 5.03±0.77 | 5.52±1.00 | 5.33±0.90 | ||||
HDL | 1.52±0.35 | 1.43±0.34 | 1.67±0.37 | 1.46±0.37 | |||||||||||
LDL | 3.22±0.84 | 2.92±0.72 | 3.37±0.89 | 3.22±0.81 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.38±0.75 | 1.49±0.82 | 1.07±0.61 | 1.41±0.79 | |||||||||||
Tazi, Abir-Khalil80 | Morocco | CS | 755 | 1047 | TC | 4.89±1.16 | 4.42±1.06 | ||||||||
Vrdoljak, Marković81 | Croatia | CS | 1824 | 642 | TC | 5.90 | 5.72 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.57 | 1.60 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.53 | 3.52 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.80 | 1.94 | |||||||||||||
Wang, Wei31 | China | CS | 547 | 763 | 862 | 676 | TC | 4.32±0.90 | 4.64±0.98 | 4.10±0.89 | 4.03±0.94 | ||||
1.20±0.30 | 1.05±0.28 | 1.18±0.31 | 1.09±0.32 | ||||||||||||
2.52±0.75 | 2.58±0.95 | 2.43±0.70 | 2.38±0.78 | ||||||||||||
1.31±1.00 | 2.28±2.35 | 1.07±0.73 | 1.24±1.27 | ||||||||||||
Weng, Liu82 § | China | CS | 80 | 81 | 191 | 177 | TC | 4.45±0.72 | 4.22±0.72 | 3.39±1.11 | 3.39±1.73 | ||||
HDL | 1.42±0.54 | 1.09±0.18 | 1.20±0.41 | 1.22±0.40 | |||||||||||
LDL | 2.73±0.89 | 2.73±0.72 | 1.99±0.83 | 1.98±1.60 | |||||||||||
TG | 1.04±0.80 | 1.52±0.99 | 0.78±0.41 | 0.65±0.67 | |||||||||||
Woo, Chook83 | China | CS | 116 | 116 | TC | 5.16±0.96 | 5.14±1.02 | ||||||||
HDL | 1.49±0.36 | 1.33±0.40 | |||||||||||||
LDL | 3.16±0.87 | 3.21±0.94 | |||||||||||||
TG | 1.08±0.67 | 1.30±1.04 | |||||||||||||
Wyatt, Griew84 | Papua New Guinea | CS | 23 | 86 | 49 | 22 | TC | 3.96±0.88 | 3.64±0.86 | 3.78±1.09 | 3.57±1.29 | ||||
TG | 0.61±0.25 | 0.63±0.19 | 0.60±0.38 | 0.60±0.18 | |||||||||||
Xu, Ming85 | China | CS | 1467 | 890 | HDL | 1.30±0.30 | 1.32±0.31 | ||||||||
TG | 1.58±1.18 | 1.49±1.03 |
*Only SEM reported but no information on number of participants per group.
†Migration study. Only data on urban and rural levels are provided in this table. Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber.47
‡Longitudinal study. Total number of participants of first and second wave reported. Urban levels of first wave are provided in the urban male cell. Urban levels of second wave are depicted in the urban female cell. Accordingly, the rural levels of the first and second wave are provided in the cells for rural males and females, respectively.
§Migration study. Rural represents data of ‘Yi farmers’. Urban represents ‘Yi migrants’.
♀, females; ♂, males; ♀♂, males and females combined; CS, cross-sectional; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein;NR, not reported; TC, total cholesterol;TG, triglycerides.