Sources of data on the psychosocial risk factors used in this analysis and their effect size for stunting
| Risk factors | Definition | Evidence on effect size for stunting | OR (95% CI) | Source of exposure data |
| Low maternal education | Less than secondary school education among women | Pooled analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys14 | No maternal education versus at least some secondary: 1.27 (1.25 to 1.28) Some primary education versus at least some secondary: 1.20 (1.18 to 1.21) | Barro and Lee17
IIASA18 |
| Orphanhood | Maternal, paternal or double orphanhood before age 2 | Pooled analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys16 | Maternal orphanhood: 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) Paternal orphanhood: 0.97 (0.92 to 1.03) Double orphanhood: 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | Spectrum (Futures Group)44 |
| Intimate partner violence | Physical and/or sexual violence against a woman by her partner | Pooled analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys15 | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.16) | Devries et al 45 |
| Maternal depression | Major depressive disorder among mothers | Meta-analysis of four longitudinal observational studies13 | 2.0 (1.0 to 3.9) | Ferrari et al 19 |
IIASA, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.