Synthesis of results according to parenting exposure: poor-medium quality studies (score ≤4) (n=26)
| Parenting role | Sexual and reproductive health | Mental health | Educational achievement | Adaptive functioning | Conduct disorder | Substance use | Total |
| Connection1 | 4↑51 55 57 53* | 1↓81† 3↑78 80 82 | 4↑69–71 74 | 2↑63 68 | 1↓81† 13↑51 53* 55 57 63 68–71 74 78 80 82 | ||
| Connection2 general communication | |||||||
| Connection3 sexual and reproductive health communication | 4↑55–58
1↓51 1↔60 | 4↑55–58
1↓51 1↔60 | |||||
| Positive behaviour control1 (monitoring) | 4↑56–58 60 | 1↑79 | 2↑69 70 | 1↑63 | 1↑49 | 1↑90 | 10↑49 56–58 60 63 69 70 79 90 |
| Negative behaviour control2 (harsh) | 1↓79 | 1↓73 | 1↓68 | 2↓84 86 | 5↓68 73 79 84 86 | ||
| Role modelling (of positive or negative behaviour) | 1↑70(positive modelling for education) | 1↓90(negative modelling of substance use) | 1↑(positive modelling)70
1↓(negative modelling)90 | ||||
| Provision and protection | 1↑69 | 1↑63 | 2↑63 69 | ||||
| Parenting style: authoritarian | 1↑57 | 1↓81‡ | 2↓64 67 | 1↑57
3↓64 67 81‡ | |||
| Parenting style: authoritative | 1↑57 | 3↑64 65 67 | 4↑57 64 65 67 | ||||
| Total studies | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 26 |
Positive outcome↑, negative outcome↓, inconsistent↔.
*For girls only.
†Indicates paternal warmth.
‡Indicates maternal.