Factors associated with men trying to help when they see/hear IPV in their communities
| Control communities n=503 (503/634 [79%] witnessed IPV in community) | SASA! communities n=494 (494/768 [64%] witnessed IPV in community) | |||
| Tried to help | OR* (95% CI) | Tried to help | OR* (95% CI) | |
| Total | 152/503 (30%) | – | 295/494 (60%) | – |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–24 | 28/142 (20%) | – | 87/175 (50%) | – |
| 25–34 | 72/192 (38%) | 2.32 (1.42 to 3.78) | 130/203 (64%) | 1.74 (1.02 to 2.94) |
| 35–49 | 50/143 (35%) | 2.18 (1.23 to 3.87) | 73/105 (70%) | 2.20 (1.03 to 4.69) |
| Relationship status/duration | ||||
| Not in relationship | 16/114 (14%) | – | 39/83 (47%) | – |
| 0–3 years | 58/192 (30%) | 2.67 (1.61 to 4.43) | 120/216 (56%) | 1.48 (0.92 to 2.39) |
| >3 years | 74/179 (41%) | 4.15 (2.30 to 7.49) | 130/187 (70%) | 2.65 (1.72 to 4.09) |
| Educated above primary level | ||||
| No | 41/140 (29%) | – | 84/137 (61%) | – |
| Yes | 111/363 (31%) | 1.13 (0.64 to 2.02) | 211/357 (59%) | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.38) |
| Currently employed | ||||
| No | 8/51 (16%) | – | 33/55 (60%) | – |
| Yes | 144/452 (32%) | 2.51 (1.24 to 5.07) | 262/439 (60%) | 1.01 (0.57 to 1.80) |
| Ties to community | ||||
| How long lived in the community (years) | ||||
| 1–3 | 32/123 (26%) | – | 54/108 (50%) | – |
| ≥4 | 120/380 (32%) | 1.36 (0.82 to 2.26) | 241/386 (62%) | 1.68 (1.07 to 2.63) |
| How often talk to neighbours | ||||
| Never/less than once a week | 7/47 (15%) | – | 18/30 (60%) | – |
| Once a week | 47/157 (30%) | 2.12 (0.80 to 5.62) | 61/122 (50%) | 0.66 (0.28 to 1.58) |
| Daily | 98/299 (33%) | 2.42 (0.98 to 5.96) | 216/342 (63%) | 1.09 (0.57 to 2.09) |
| Perpetration/experiences of violence | ||||
| Ever perpetrated physical/sexual IPV | ||||
| No | 53/155 (34%) | – | 174/313 (56%) | – |
| Yes | 92/301 (31%) | 0.96 (0.68 to 1.36) | 101/136 (74%) | 2.43 (1.55 to 3.79) |
| Perpetrated IPV in past year | ||||
| No | 64/201 (32%) | – | 198/316 (63%) | – |
| Yes | 76/227 (33%) | 1.05 (0.70 to 1.56) | 64/101 (63%) | 1.09 (0.51 to 2.34) |
| Witnessed mother being beaten by father | ||||
| No | 68/207 (33%) | – | 147/268 (55%) | – |
| Yes | 84/296 (28%) | 0.80 (0.59 to 1.08) | 146/224 (65%) | 1.52 (1.19 to 1.96) |
| Badly beaten by parents as a child | ||||
| No | 88/263 (33%) | – | 147/271 (54%) | – |
| Yes | 64/240 (27%) | 0.76 (0.49 to 1.19) | 148/223 (66%) | 1.59 (0.87 to 2.90) |
| Experienced child sexual abuse | ||||
| No | 128/443 (29%) | – | 272/461 (59%) | – |
| Yes | 23/57 (40%) | 1.58 (0.89 to 2.80) | 23/32 (72%) | 1.97 (0.85 to 4.59) |
| Any abuse-related experience as a child (composite: witnessed IPV, badly beaten or CSA) | ||||
| No | 46/137 (34%) | – | 96/183 (52%) | – |
| Yes | 106/366 (29%) | 0.77 (0.54 to 1.12) | 199/310 (64%) | 1.57 (0.95 to 2.60) |
| Attitudes | ||||
| Attitudes supportive of wife-beating | ||||
| No | 29/65 (45%) | – | 231/371 (62%) | – |
| Yes | 123/438 (28%) | 0.53 (0.30 to 0.93) | 64/123 (52%) | 0.75 (0.44 to 1.27) |
| Believes okay for a woman to tell if experiencing IPV | ||||
| No | 76/307 (25%) | – | 20/50 (40%) | – |
| Yes | 76/196 (39%) | 1.70 (1.20 to 2.41) | 275/444 (62%) | 2.19 (1.09 to 4.39) |
| SASA! exposure | ||||
| Reported exposure to SASA! | ||||
| None | NA | NA | 11/47 (23%) | – |
| Low/moderate | NA | NA | 154/264 (58%) | 4.42 (2.11 to 9.24) |
| High | NA | NA | 130/183 (71%) | 7.67 (3.72 to 15.82) |
*Adjusted for community as a fixed effect. SEs calculated using cluster robust option. Women who were currently employed (mostly informal employment) were more likely than those not working to report having helped someone (model 1).
CSA, child sexual abuse; IPV, intimate partner violence; NA, not applicable.