Factors associated with women trying to help when they see/hear IPV in their communities
| Control communities n=288 (288/530 [54%] witnessed IPV in the community) | SASA! communities n=285 (285/599 [48%] witnessed IPV in the community) | |||
| Tried to help | OR* (95% CI) | Tried to help | OR* (95% CI) | |
| Total | 96/288 (33%) | – | 147/285 (52%) | – |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–24 | 19/98 (19%) | – | 39/92 (42%) | – |
| 25–34 | 40/97 (41%) | 2.92 (1.38 to 6.19) | 62/121 (51%) | 1.41 (0.76 to 2.62) |
| 35–49 | 31/71 (44%) | 3.12 (1.56 to 6.25) | 38/59 (64%) | 2.56 (1.25 to 5.24) |
| Relationship status/duration | ||||
| Not in relationship | 22/58 (38%) | – | 17/42 (40%) | – |
| 0–3 years | 16/87 (18%) | 0.37 (0.19 to 0.75) | 38/93 (41%) | 0.94 (0.40 to 2.21) |
| >3 years | 53/129 (41%) | 1.09 (0.59 to 2.02) | 85/142 (60%) | 2.13 (0.98 to 4.67) |
| Educated above primary level | ||||
| No | 37/110 (34%) | – | 50/89 (56%) | – |
| Yes | 58/177 (33%) | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.49) | 97/196 (49%) | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.18) |
| Currently employed | ||||
| No | 33/107 (31%) | – | 36/96 (38%) | – |
| Yes | 62/180 (34%) | 1.20 (0.77 to 1.85) | 111/189 (59%) | 2.60 (1.40 to 4.83) |
| Ties to community | ||||
| How long lived in the community (years) | ||||
| 1–3 | 27/107 (25%) | – | 40/92 (43%) | – |
| ≥4 | 68/180 (38%) | 2.08 (1.28 to 3.39) | 107/193 (55%) | 1.77 (1.09 to 2.87) |
| How often talk to neighbours | ||||
| Never/less than once a week | 13/52 (25%) | – | 9/35 (26%) | – |
| Once a week | 27/65 (42%) | 2.37 (1.04 to 5.43) | 36/74 (49%) | 2.94 (1.23 to 7.01) |
| Daily | 55/170 (32%) | 1.53 (0.63 to 3.73) | 102/176 (58%) | 4.19 (2.32 to 7.57) |
| Experiences of violence | ||||
| Ever physical/sexual IPV | ||||
| No | 46/133 (35%) | – | 66/148 (45%) | – |
| Yes | 46/143 (32%) | 0.87 (0.52 to 1.45) | 80/131 (61%) | 1.96 (1.17 to 3.28) |
| Past year physical/sexual IPV | ||||
| No | 49/143 (34%) | – | 90/181 (50%) | – |
| Yes | 29/100 (29%) | 0.77 (0.45 to 1.32) | 44/71 (62%) | 1.65 (0.97 to 2.83) |
| Ever experienced non-partner sexual violence aged >15 years | ||||
| No | 63/208 (30%) | – | 85/207 (41%) | – |
| Yes | 29/73 (40%) | 1.59 (0.90 to 2.80) | 60/76 (79%) | 5.38 (2.84 to 10.18) |
| Witnessed mother being beaten by father | ||||
| No | 59/171 (35%) | – | 81/175 (46%) | – |
| Yes | 36/113 (32%) | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.40) | 65/109 (60%) | 1.61 (0.98 to 2.66) |
| Badly beaten by parents as a child | ||||
| No | 47/157 (30%) | – | 72/165 (44%) | – |
| Yes | 48/130 (37%) | 1.38 (0.90 to 2.10) | 75/120 (63%) | 2.10 (1.44 to 3.05) |
| Experienced child sexual abuse | ||||
| No | 58/202 (29%) | – | 75/187 (40%) | – |
| Yes | 38/86 (44%) | 1.92 (1.10 to 3.36) | 72/98 (73%) | 4.17 (2.39 to 7.27) |
| Any abuse-related experience as a child (composite: witnessed IPV, badly beaten or CSA) | ||||
| No | 29/101 (29%) | – | 37/96 (39%) | – |
| Yes | 66/185 (36%) | 1.34 (0.68 to 2.65) | 110/189 (58%) | 2.18 (1.30 to 3.64) |
| Attitudes | ||||
| Attitudes supportive of wife-beating | ||||
| No | 40/102 (39%) | – | 114/184 (62%) | – |
| Yes | 54/184 (29%) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.06) | 33/101 (33%) | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.51) |
| Believes okay for a woman to tell if experiencing IPV | ||||
| No | 41/135 (31%) | – | 17/63 (27%) | – |
| Yes | 54/152 (36%) | 1.27 (0.78 to 2.05) | 130/222 (59%) | 3.69 (1.79 to 7.61) |
| SASA! exposure | ||||
| Reported exposure to SASA! | ||||
| None | NA | NA | 23/76 (30%) | – |
| Low/moderate | NA | NA | 53/119 (45%) | 1.79 (1.16 to 2.76) |
| High | NA | NA | 71/90 (79%) | 8.52 (3.27 to 22.20) |
*Adjusted for community as a fixed effect. SE calculated using cluster robust option.
CSA, child sexual abuse; IPV, intimate partner violence; NA, not applicable.