Associations between haemoglobin and selected factors among children, pregnant women and non-pregnant women in India using pooled data from 2006 and 2016
| Anaemia drivers | Children (n=2 45 346) | Pregnant women (n=37 165) | Non-pregnant women (n=7 60 460) | |||
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| Immediate determinants | ||||||
| Women’s low BMI | −0.68*** | −0.88 to 0.47 | −0.50 | −1.15 to 0.14 | −2.88*** | −3.05 to 2.71 |
| Maternal anaemia | −4.51*** | −4.70 to 4.32 | – | – | – | – |
| Child diarrhoea | −1.24*** | −1.57 to 0.92 | – | – | – | – |
| Child ARI | −0.28 | −0.78 to 0.22 | – | – | – | – |
| Women’s weekly meat and fish consumption | 1.52*** | 1.29 to 1.74 | 0.45+ | −0.03 to 0.94 | −0.32*** | −0.48 to 0.15 |
| Women’s daily dark green vegetable consumption | 0.25* | 0.04 to 0.46 | 0.36 | −0.09 to 0.81 | 0.18* | 0.02 to 0.33 |
| Nutrition and health interventions | ||||||
| At least 4 ANC visits | −0.11 | −0.35 to 0.12 | −0.22 | −0.96 to 0.51 | – | – |
| IFA consumption 100 tablets | 0.31* | 0.07 to 0.56 | 0.34 | −0.45 to 1.13 | – | – |
| Deworming during pregnancy | 0.44** | 0.14 to 0.73 | 1.61** | 0.61 to 2.61 | – | – |
| Weighed during pregnancy | 1.16*** | 0.91 to 1.41 | −0.49 | −1.17 to 0.19 | – | – |
| Paediatric full immunisation | −0.01 | −0.21 to 0.19 | – | – | – | – |
| Paediatric vitamin A supplementation | 0.17 | −0.06 to 0.39 | – | – | – | – |
| Paediatric IFA | −0.06 | −0.33 to 0.21 | – | – | – | – |
| Paediatric deworming | 0.34** | 0.09 to 0.58 | – | – | – | – |
| ICDS—food supplementation | 0.51*** | 0.22 to 0.80 | 0.07 | −0.75 to 0.89 | ||
| ICDS—health check-up | 0.22 | −0.10 to 0.54 | 0.05 | −0.97 to 1.07 | – | – |
| ICDS—health and nutrition education | −0.18 | −0.50 to 0.15 | −0.95 | −1.93 to 0.02 | – | – |
| Using bednet | 1.67*** | 1.45 to 1.88 | −0.33 | −0.79 to 0.13 | −0.69*** | −0.86 to 0.53 |
| Underlying determinants | ||||||
| No. of children <5 years | −0.65*** | −0.81 to 0.50 | −1.37*** | −1.80 to 0.95 | −1.10*** | −1.20 to 1.00 |
| Household SES index (0–10), score | 0.17*** | 0.12 to 0.21 | 0.30*** | 0.20 to 0.40 | 0.17*** | 0.14 to 0.21 |
| Improved sanitation facilities | 0.50*** | 0.24 to 0.76 | 0.63* | 0.06 to 1.20 | 0.27** | 0.09 to 0.44 |
| Stool safe disposal | 0.30* | 0.05 to 0.55 | 0.94* | 0.11 to 1.78 | 0.42** | 0.10 to 0.74 |
| Scheduled caste/tribe | −0.44*** | -0.71 to 0.18 | −0.98*** | −1.55 to 0.40 | −0.73*** | −0.91 to 0.55 |
| Hindu religion | −0.62** | −1.07 to 0.17 | −0.56 | −1.53 to 0.41 | −0.54** | −0.88 to 0.21 |
| Muslim religion | −1.05*** | −1.59 to 0.51 | −0.26 | −1.38 to 0.86 | 0.68*** | 0.29 to 1.08 |
| Maternal schooling, years | 0.20*** | 0.18 to 0.23 | 0.27*** | 0.22 to 0.33 | 0.10*** | 0.09 to 0.12 |
| Married before 18 years | −0.03 | −0.23 to 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.61 to 0.38 | −0.32*** | −0.46 to 0.18 |
| Maternal age, years | 0.07*** | 0.05 to 0.09 | 0.07* | 0.01 to 0.12 | −0.02*** | −0.03 to 0.01 |
| Other factors | ||||||
| Male | −0.28** | −0.45 to 0.11 | – | – | – | – |
| Child aged 24–59 months | 5.81*** | 5.61 to 6.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Months of pregnancy | – | – | −1.08*** | −1.18 to 0.97 | – | – |
P values were obtained from multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for sampling weights: ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05, +p<0.10.
ANC, antenatal care; ARI, acute respiratory infection; BMI, Body Mass Index; ICDS, Integrated Child Development Services; IFA, iron and folic acid; SES, socioal economic status.