Devices if provided to the patient (digital pillboxes, feature phones or smartphones)

Platforms for visualising dosing histories by healthcare providers (computers, smartphones)

Data servers

Medication envelopes (for 99DOTS)

Ingestible sensors

SMS text costs

Direct phone calls to patients (including call centres for some strategies)

Video communication/internet costs

Costs of new personnel for managing information technology or other tasks such as packing medications blister packs in envelopes (for 99DOTS)

Cost of new counsellors or other providers in some settings to facilitate more intensive management of barriers to adherence (eg, treatment literacy, depression counselling, treatment of alcohol use disorder) in differentiated care models

Changes in resource or time use by existing healthcare personnel due to decreased time spent in direct observation, reduced travel costs with elimination of home DOT, or increased time spent on troubleshooting DATs or managing data entry

Potentially reduced costs of travel and decreased time spent on visiting healthcare facilities for direct observation (under facility-based DOT)

Potential time saved by not having wait for a healthcare provider to visit (under home DOT)