Effect of a 1-month increase in length of paid maternity leave policy on breastfeeding duration (months) among children under 5 years of age
| Model 1 (n=750 107) | Model 2 (n=728 541) | Model 3 (n=727 236) | |
| Exposure | |||
| One-month increase in length of paid maternity leave policy | 1.58 (0.33 to 2.82) | 1.64 (0.48 to 2.81) | 2.21 (1.05 to 3.38) |
| Household-level and individual-level covariates | |||
| Number of listed household members | −0.10 (−0.15 to –0.05) | −0.10 (−0.15 to –0.05) | |
| Household wealth | |||
| Poorest | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Poorer | −0.02 (−0.21 to 0.18) | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.18) | |
| Middle | −0.16 (−0.41 to 0.09) | −0.16 (−0.41 to 0.09) | |
| Richer | −0.38 (−0.69 to –0.07) | −0.37 (−0.68 to −0.06) | |
| Richest | −0.96 (−1.44 to –0.48) | −0.93 (−1.41 to −0.45) | |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Rural | 0.23 (0.03 to 0.43) | 0.24 (0.05 to 0.44) | |
| Mother’s age at childbirth (years) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.05) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.05) | |
| Mother’s number of living children | 0.30 (0.12 to 0.48) | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47) | |
| Maternal education | |||
| No education | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Incomplete primary | −0.22 (−0.52 to 0.08) | −0.18 (−0.48 to 0.12) | |
| Complete primary | −0.29 (−0.70 to 0.12) | −0.26 (−0.67 to 0.15) | |
| Incomplete secondary | −0.59 (−1.03 to −0.15) | −0.56 (−1.01 to −0.12) | |
| Complete secondary | −0.89 (−1.40 to −0.37) | −0.91 (−1.41 to −0.40) | |
| Higher | −1.82 (−2.33 to −1.31) | −1.86 (−2.34 to −1.38) | |
| Mother’s current marital status | |||
| Never in union | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Married | 0.43 (0.15 to 0.70) | 0.41 (0.11 to 0.70) | |
| Living with partner | 0.41 (0.14 to 0.69) | 0.35 (0.07 to 0.63) | |
| Widowed | 2.09 (1.63 to 2.55) | 2.04 (1.57 to 2.50) | |
| Divorced | 1.45 (0.87 to 2.03) | 1.39 (0.81 to 1.98) | |
| No longer living together/separated | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.25) | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.21) | |
| Mother worked in the last 12 months | |||
| Did not work | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Worked in the past year | 0.21 (−0.22 to 0.63) | 0.27 (−0.22 to 0.75) | |
| Currently working | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.39) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.39) | |
| Have a job, but on leave last 7 days | −1.42 (−2.05 to −0.78) | −1.30 (−2.26 to −0.34) | |
| Child’s birth order | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.05) | −0.06 (-0.19 to 0.08) | |
| Child’s sex | |||
| Male | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Female | 0.02 (−0.10 to 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.10 to 0.14) | |
| Country-level covariates | |||
| Gross domestic product per capita | −0.68 (−1.13 to −0.23) | ||
| Health expenditure per capita | −0.05 (−0.31 to 0.21) | ||
| Percentage of females aged 15–64 participating in the labour force | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | ||
| Unemployment female (percentage of female labour force) | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.17) | ||
| Age of infant (months) until which mother is guaranteed breastfeeding breaks at work | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.34) | ||
The 95% CIs are in parentheses.
Model 1 includes country and year fixed effects.
Model 2 additionally controlled for measured individual and household characteristics.
Model 3 additionally controlled for country-level characteristics.