Primary outcome: duration from randomisation to birth in minutes
| GAP in upright position | Upright position | Routine practice | ||
| Number of women | 388 | 386 | 384 | |
| Crude estimate of duration from randomisation to birth (min) | Mean (SD) | 24.1 (34.9) | 24.6 (30.5) | 25.0 (39.3) |
| Median (IQR) | 14 (6, 29) | 14 (9, 29) | 14 (8, 25) | |
| Min, max | (0, 435) | (1, 519) | (0, 519) | |
| Kruskal-Wallis test | 0.33 | |||
| Crude estimate of natural log (duration from randomisation to birth) | Mean (SD) | 2.58 (1.23) | 2.69 (1.02) | 2.55 (1.36) |
| Median (IQR) | (−6.91, 6.08) | (0.0, 5.63) | (−6.91, 6.25) | |
| Min, max | (−6.91, 6.08) | (0.0, 5.63) | (−6.91, 6.25) | |
| Kruskal-Wallis test | 0.33 | |||
| Adjusted estimate* using ANOVA model: natural log (duration from randomisation to birth) | Mean (SE) 95% CI | 2.53 (0.07) 95% CI (2.40 to 2.66) | 2.64 (0.07) 95% CI (2.50 to 2.77) | 2.49 (0.07) 95% CI (2.36 to 2.63) |
| F-test | 0.23 | |||
↵*Adjusted for centre.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; GAP, gentle assisted pushing.