Factors associated with lead and last authorship (n=649)
| LIC lead (%)† | MIC lead (%) | HIC lead (%) | P values* | LIC last (%) | MIC last (%) | HIC last (%) | P values* | Total | |
| Country classification | |||||||||
| LIC study | 77 (37%) | 5 (3%) | 124 (60%) | <0.001 | 59 (29%) | 5 (2%) | 142 (69%) | <0.001 | 206 |
| MIC study | 3 (1%) | 240 (67%) | 113 (32%) | 1 (1%) | 215 (60%) | 140 (39%) | 356 | ||
| Multicountry study | 10 (12%) | 10 (12%) | 67 (77%) | 8 (9%) | 11 (13%) | 68 (78%) | 87 | ||
| Total | 90 (14%) | 255 (39%) | 304 (47%) | 68 (10%) | 231 (36%) | 350 (54%) | 649 | ||
| Region | |||||||||
| Africa | 77 (21%) | 110 (29%) | 187 (50%) | <0.001 | 59 (16%) | 90 (24%) | 225 (60%) | <0.001 | 374 |
| Asia | 7 (4%) | 110 (62%) | 59 (34%) | 6 (3%) | 104 (59%) | 66 (38%) | 176 | ||
| Americas | 1 (2%) | 27 (54%) | 22 (44%) | 0 | 27 (54%) | 23 (46%) | 50 | ||
| Middle East | 0 | 3 (75%) | 1 (25%) | 0 | 3 (75%) | 1 (25%) | 4 | ||
| Cross-region | 5 (11%) | 5 (11%) | 35 (78%) | 3 (7%) | 7 (16%) | 35 (78%) | 45 | ||
| Programme area | |||||||||
| Maternal-child health | 44 (17%) | 90 (35%) | 123 (48%) | <0.001 | 34 (13%) | 70 (27%) | 153 (60%) | <0.001 | 257 |
| HIV/TB | 7 (10%) | 31 (42%) | 35 (48%) | 5 (7%) | 30 (41%) | 38 (52%) | 73 | ||
| Malaria | 16 (26%) | 21 (35%) | 24 (39%) | 7 (11%) | 17 (28%) | 37 (61%) | 61 | ||
| Reproductive health | 5 (16%) | 8 (26%) | 18 (58%) | 5 (16%) | 9 (29%) | 17 (55%) | 31 | ||
| NCD | 1 (3%) | 22 (69%) | 9 (28%) | 0 | 21 (66%) | 11 (34%) | 32 | ||
| Mental health | 2 (9%) | 9 (43%) | 10 (48%) | 2 (10%) | 10 (48%) | 9 (42%) | 21 | ||
| Other | 1 (2%) | 24 (53%) | 20 (45%) | 3 (7%) | 23 (51%) | 19 (42%) | 45 | ||
| Comprehensive | 13 (12%) | 39 (37%) | 54 (51%) | 12 (11%) | 38 (36%) | 56 (53%) | 106 | ||
| Not specified | 1 (4%) | 11 (48%) | 11 (48%) | 0 | 13 (57%) | 10 (43%) | 23 | ||
| Funders | |||||||||
| US bilateral | 12 (9%) | 28 (21%) | 93 (70%) | <0.001 | 14 (11%) | 31 (23%) | 88 (66%) | <0.001 | 133 |
| Other bilateral | 18 (20%) | 25 (27%) | 49 (53%) | 10 (11%) | 23 (25%) | 59 (64%) | 92 | ||
| Multilateral | 6 (25%) | 3 (12%) | 15 (63%) | 1 (4%) | 6 (25%) | 17 (71%) | 24 | ||
| BMGF | 17 (23%) | 23 (31%) | 35 (47%) | 9 (12%) | 16 (21%) | 50 (67%) | 75 | ||
| Wellcome Trust | 0 | 6 (75%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (13%) | 4 (50%) | 3 (37%) | 8 | ||
| Domestic | 8 (12%) | 52 (78%) | 7 (10%) | 8 (12%) | 50 (75%) | 9 (13%) | 67 | ||
| Multiple | 13 (13%) | 44 (42%) | 47 (45%) | 12 (12%) | 31 (30%) | 61 (58%) | 104 | ||
| None or not specified | 16 (11%) | 74 (51%) | 56 (38%) | 13 (9%) | 70 (48%) | 63 (43%) | 146 | ||
*χ2or Fisher’s exact where cells<5.
† All percentages are reported across rows.
BMGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; HIC, high-income country; LIC, low-income country; MIC, middle-income country; NCD, non-communicable diseases; TB, tuberculosis.