Table 4

Multivariable associations of education level and socioeconomic status with infectious, medical or obstetric, psychological and social morbidity

CountryIndia
(n=2098*/2099)†		Pakistan
(n=2795*/3287)‡		Kenya
(n=2793*/3145)§		Malawi
(n=2910*/2923)¶		Total
(n=10 596*/11 454)**
Type of morbidity%††OR‡‡ (95% CI)%††OR‡‡ (95% CI)%††OR‡‡ (95% CI)%††OR‡‡ (95% CI)%††OR†‡ (95% CI)
Educational level
 Infectious morbidity15.91.03
(0.88 to 1.21)		27.01.11
(0.94 to 1.30)		40.41.11
(0.99 to 1.25)		56.50.81
(0.71 to 0.93)		36.01.00
(0.93 to 1.07)
 Medical or obstetric morbidity62.80.92
(0.83 to 1.03)		71.20.86
(0.80 to 0.92)		27.10.98
(0.87 to 1.11)		41.50.98
(0.88 to 1.08)		50.00.91
(0.87 to 0.95)
 Psychological morbidity19.81.53
(1.34 to 1.76)		47.30.68
(0.63 to 0.73)		13.50.80
(0.67 to 0.94)		16.40.76
(0.65 to 0.88)		25.10.79
(0.75 to 0.83)
 Social morbidity40.41.09
(0.97 to 1.21)		60.20.77
(0.72 to 0.83)		25.00.82
(0.72 to 0.93)		19.80.84
(0.74 to 0.97)		36.60.83
(0.79 to 0.87)
Any morbidity84.31.19
(1.01 to 1.40)		89.10.74
(0.60 to 0.91)		67.91.07
(0.95 to 1.21)		81.30.85
(0.72 to 1.01)		77.40.96
(0.89 to 1.03)
Socioeconomic status
 Infectious morbidity15.90.67
(0.53 to 0.84)		27.01.49
(1.15 to 1.93)		70.41.09
(1.03 to 1.16)		56.50.90
(0.83 to 0.98)		36.01.01
(0.96 to 1.05)
 Medical or obstetric morbidity62.80.84
(0.73 to 0.97)		71.21.03
(0.93 to 1.14)		27.11.06
(0.99 to 1.13)		41.50.95
(0.90 to 1.01)		50.01.00
(0.96 to 1.04)
 Psychological morbidity19.80.85
(0.72 to 0.97)		47.30.96
(0.87 to 1.06)		13.50.95
(0.87 to 1.03)		16.41.61
(1.45 to 1.78)		25.11.15
(1.10 to 1.21)
 Social morbidity40.40.58
(0.49 to 0.68)		60.20.95
(0.86 to 1.05)		25.01.00
(0.94 to 1.08)		19.81.33
(1.22 to 1.44)		36.61.05
(1.01 to 1.10)
Any morbidity84.30.54
(0.45 to 0.65)		89.10.95
(0.66 to 1.36)		67.91.02
(0.95 to 1.08)		81.30.97
(0.87 to 1.08)		77.40.96
(0.91 to 1.01)

  • *Number of women for whom both education and socioeconomic status were available.

  • †For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 1872/1873 in India.

  • ‡For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 720/792 in Pakistan.

  • §For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 2649/2984 in Kenya.

  • ¶For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 1535/1544 in Malawi.

  • **For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 6776/7193 in total.

  • ††Percentage of women in the study (sub) population with the morbidity.

  • ‡‡Factor by which odds changes for each increment in education or SES category (from lowest/’poorest’ to highest/’richest’).

  • CRP, C reactive protein; SES, socioeconomic status.