(B) With convenience sampling and/or before-after design
Study	Country	Population	Care model	Intervention components			Mode of delivery	Evaluation methods	Outcomes	Methodological quality
Study	Country	Population	Care model	Screening	Decision support	Patient education	Mode of delivery	Evaluation methods	Outcomes	Methodological quality
Barahimi et al 24	Iran	131 patients	Self-learning module discussing kidney disease and its complications (with oral presentation held at start)	−	−	+	Patients	Prospective comparison	In patients electing to undertake e-learning (n=39), eGFR remained stable (within 7 mL/min) versus decline in control group at 6 months. E-learning remained an important predictor of higher eGFR after adjustments for significant differences in two groups (age, education, mean arterial pressure).	Low
Cueto-Manzano et al 25	Mexico	96 patients with diabetes and early-stage CKD, two clinics	Patient and PCP education on CKD; formation of patient peer groups; MDC	−	+	+	PCP; nurses	Prospective comparison	In patients of MDC (n=39), albuminuria dropped (vs usual care, where albuminuria did not change) over 6 months. No differences in eGFR	Low
Fogazzi et al 26	Benin and Togo	Two hospitals	Capacity building for CKD care at hospital level	−	+	−	Lab tech	Before-after	Improved laboratory capacity to identify kidney disease	Low
Garcia-Garcia et al 14	Mexico	353 patients with CKD stages 3 and 4	Nursing-led MDC with equal time allotted to nurses, physicians, social workers and dietitians	−	+	+	Nurses	Before-after	In patients of MDC (n=353), % with BP control doubled, mean HbA1c dropped, use of ARB increased over median 14 months. Proportion with proteinuria did not change. eGFR declined 3.8 mL/min in patients with and stable in patients without diabetes, respectively.	Medium
Katz et al 23	South Africa	871 patients in primary care clinics, 16 clinics	Screening and treatment guidelines with referral pathway	+	+	−	PCPs; CHW	Case–control	Proportion of patients with uncontrolled BP dropped from 85% to 70% in active clinics (vs no change in control clinics); 98% use of ACEi in persons with diabetes and albuminuria at 3 months	Low
Mani27	India	25 000 rural residents	Community-based screening with simplified management protocols	+	+	−	CHW	Case–control	eGFR<80 mL/min in 0.9% of residents of intervention areas versus in 1.4% of residents of areas receiving standard care (no adjustment for baseline demographics) in cross section	Low
Tungsanga et al 28	Thailand	17 patients with stage 4 CKD, one clinic	MDC and dietary intervention	−	+	+	Nephrologists; dietitian	Prospective follow-up	In the described group (n=17), mean 24 hours urine declined slightly (from 1 to 0.8 g), mean eGFR within 0.6 mL/min of baseline over 48 months.	Low
Zhang et al 29	China	300 patients, one clinic	MDC, including dietitian and nursing-led education	−	+	+	Nephrologists; nurses	Before-after	Unable to establish feasibility due to high patient dropout with limited follow-up	Low

ACEi, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; HR: hazard ratio; BP, blood pressure; CHW, community health worker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (in mL/min/1.73 m²); ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MDC, multidisciplinary care; PCP, primary care provider; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SF-12, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey.