Published descriptions of national CKD programmes
| Study | Country | Care model | Interventions | Outcomes | Methodological quality | ||
| Epidemiological assessment | Guidelines for allocating resources | Improving healthcare delivery | |||||
| Almaguer et al 15 16 | Cuba | National programme for CKD screening and registry; enhance partnerships between primary care providers and nephrologists; improve CKD education for primary care physicians | + | + | + | Improved screening (33% increase); reallocation of ESRD resources; creation of CME course and care pathways to nephrology | Low |
| Hooi et al 17 | Malaysia | Joint effort among Ministry of Health, National Diabetes Institute, and Malaysian Society of Nephrology to identify patients with diabetes and CKD, and to implement guideline-based care | + | − | + | Creation of CME course and diabetes registry; guidelines for albuminuria screening; increased availability of ACEi | Low |
| Mastroianni-Kirsztajn et al 19 | Brazil | Non-governmental organisation efforts to screen and increase public awareness of CKD and improve provider recognition of CKD | + | − | + | Standardisation of eGFR reporting and development of guidelines for screening; public campaigns with educational materials | Low |
| Tapia-Conyer et al 18 | Mexico | Non-governmental organisation efforts to supplement existing health system with additional screening, medication delivery and self-management education | − | − | + | Development of mobile screening and diabetes self-management tools; online education portal for physicians | Low |
ACEi, ACE inhibitors; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CME, continuing medical education; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (in mL/min/1.73 m2); ESRD, end-stage renal disease.