Secondary outcomes
| Caregiver report | Adolescent report | |
| Follow-up | Follow-up | |
| Attitudes to harsh punishment | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 5.35 (3.47) | 6.97 (4.26) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 7.55 (5.16) | 7.34 (5.00) |
| Mean difference (SE) | −2.37 (0.59) | −1.03 (0.55) |
| P value | <0.001 | 0.061 |
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.46 (−0.69 to −0.24) | −0.22 (−0.45 to 0.01) |
| Depression (depression and suicidality + for adolescent report only) | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 11.30 (9.79) | 1.98 (2.88) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 16.82 (11.13) | 1.84 (2.44) |
| Mean difference (SE) | −3.72 (1.26) | |
| P value | 0.003 | 0.905 |
| Effect size (caregiver)/IRR (adolescent) (95% CI) | −0.33 (−0.54 to −0.11) | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.35) |
| Parenting stress | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 23.75 (8.24) | |
| Control, mean (SD) | 27.05 (7.32) | |
| Mean difference (SE) | −3.07 (0.93) | |
| P value | 0.001 | |
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.37 (−0.59 to −0.15) | |
| Social support | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 30.21 (8.42) | 27.49 (8.21) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 27.23 (9.11) | 27.63 (8.54) |
| Mean difference (SE) | 3.07 (1.10) | −0.28 (0.86) |
| P value | 0.005 | 0.741 |
| Effect size (95% CI) | 0.31 (0.09 to 0.52) | −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.18) |
| Adolescent externalising behaviours | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 13.35 (10.23) | 11.00 (7.75) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 14.46 (10.80) | 9.81 (7.37) |
| Mean difference (SE) | −1.86 (1.06) | 0.97 (0.82) |
| P value | 0.079 | 0.239 |
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.16 (−0.35 to 0.02) | 0.12 (−0.08 to 0.31) |
| Alcohol and substance use* | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.75) | 0.14 (0.44) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 0.60 (1.02) | 0.27 (0.71) |
| Mean difference (SE) | ||
| P value | 0.041 | 0.026 |
| IRR (95% CI) | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.99) | 0.55 (0.33 to 0.93) |
| Household economic hardship | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 20.31 (6.93) | 16.31 (7.44) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 24.22 (5.95) | 19.74 (7.26) |
| Mean difference (SE) | −3.83 (0.69) | −1.87 (0.78) |
| P value | <0.001 | 0.017 |
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.62 (−0.84 to −0.40) | −0.28 (−0.52 to −0.05) |
| Family financial management | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 5.22 (1.21) | |
| Control, mean (SD) | 4.76 (1.22) | |
| Mean difference (SE) | 0.41 (0.15) | |
| P value | 0.007 | |
| Effect size (95% CI) | 0.31 (0.09 to 0.53) | |
| Adolescent exposure to community violence† | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 0.28 (0.59) | 1.18 (0.90) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 0.37 (0.63) | 1.06 (0.81) |
| Mean difference (SE) | ||
| P value | 0.158 | 0.498 |
| IRR (95% CI) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.11) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.35) |
| Planning for risk avoidance | ||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 3.76 (3.47) | 2.73 (3.18) |
| Control, mean (SD) | 2.05 (2.91) | 1.90 (2.74) |
| Mean difference (SE) | 1.41 (0.36) | 0.78 (0.33) |
| P value | <0.001 | 0.017 |
| Effect size (95% CI) | 0.48 (0.24 to 0.72) | 0.33 (0.06 to 0.59) |
Effect size from hierarchical mixed regressions as Cohen’s d.
*Results from a Poisson regression.
†Results from a negative binomial regression.
IRR, incidence rate ratio.