Primary outcomes
| Caregiver report | Adolescent report | |||||||
| Mini post-test | Follow-up | Interaction | Mini post-test | Follow-up | Interaction | |||
| Physical and emotional abuse | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 3.15 (6.48) | 3.77 (6.08) | 5.57 (8.01) | 4.66 (8.29) | ||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 6.56 (9.37) | 5.96 (7.80) | 7.83 (10.62) | 4.69 (7.18) | ||||
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.508 | 0.100 | ||
| ICC | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||||||
| IRR (95% CI) | 0.39 (0.28 to 0.54) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.75) | 0.71 (0.51 to 0.97) | 0.90 (0.65 to 1.24) | ||||
| Neglect | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 0.11 (0.56) | 1.99 (5.32) | ||||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.91 (3.18) | ||||||
| P value | – | 0.066 | 0.066 | 0.264 | 0.264 | |||
| ICC | 0.06 | 0.00 | ||||||
| IRR (95% CI) | 0.31 (0.09 to 1.08) | 1.46 (0.75 to 2.85) | ||||||
| Corporal punishment | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 0.98 (1.89) | 1.46 (2.20) | ||||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 1.50 (2.32) | 1.27 (2.18) | ||||||
| P value | – | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.819 | 0.819 | |||
| ICC | 0.03 | 0.00 | ||||||
| IRR (95% CI) | 0.55 (0.37 to 0.83) | 1.05 (0.70 to 1.57) | ||||||
| Positive parenting | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 18.42 (4.36) | 17.84 (4.78) | 16.88 (4.80) | 16.62 (5.41) | ||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 15.88 (4.94) | 15.19 (4.48) | 15.75 (5.16) | 15.81 (5.37) | ||||
| Mean difference (SE) | 1.10 (0.52) | 1.18 (0.52) | 0.95 (0.58) | 0.59 (0.57) | ||||
| P value | 0.036 | 0.024 | 0.040 | 0.102 | 0.307 | 0.254 | ||
| ICC | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Effect size (95% CI) | 0.23 (0.02 to 0.45) | 0.25 (0.03 to 0.47) | 0.16 (−0.03 to 0.35) | 0.10 (−0.09 to 0.29) | ||||
| Involved parenting | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 24.15 (8.09) | 25.18 (8.75) | 22.63 (8.14) | 23.26 (9.00) | ||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 20.81 (8.08) | 18.15 (7.39) | 21.74 (8.48) | 21.29 (9.14) | ||||
| Mean difference (SE) | 2.80 (0.83) | 6.48 (0.85) | 1.47 (0.91) | 2.54 (0.92) | ||||
| P value | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.108 | 0.006 | 0.020 | ||
| ICC | 0.00 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Effect size (95% CI) | 0.37 (0.15 to 0.59) | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.08) | 0.16 (−0.04 to 0.36) | 0.28 (0.08 to 0.48) | ||||
| Poor parental supervision | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 9.89 (7.16) | 8.94 (6.71) | 11.91 (8.10) | 10.54 (7.07) | ||||
| Control, mean (SD) | 13.59 (7.48) | 12.06 (7.53) | 13.61 (7.29) | 11.55 (7.73) | ||||
| Mean difference (SE) | 4.37 (0.80) | 3.72 (0.80) | −3.04 (0.81) | −2.42 (0.78) | ||||
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||
| ICC | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.58 (−0.79 to −0.37) | −0.50 (−0.70 to −0.29) | −0.43 (−0.65 to −0.20) | −0.34 (−0.55 to −0.12) | ||||
| Inconsistent discipline | ||||||||
| Intervention, mean (SD) | 7.63 (4.04) | 7.64 (4.05) | ||||||
| Control, mean (SD) | – | 6.97 (3.79) | – | – | 7.19 (4.38) | – | ||
| Mean difference (SE) | −0.59 (0.49) | 0.13 (0.54) | ||||||
| P value | 0.229 | 0.229 | 0.804 | 0.804 | ||||
| ICC | 0.02 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Effect size (95% CI) | −0.14 (−0.36 to 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.20 to 0.26) | ||||||
Effect size from hierarchical mixed regressions as Cohen’s d.
ICC, intracluster correlation coefficient; IRR, incidence rate ratio from negative binomial.