Baseline characteristics of intervention and control groups
| Caregiver report | Adolescent report | |||
| Control (n=282) | Treatment (n=270) | Control (n=278) | Treatment (n=270) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 49.94 (14.20) | 48.79 (15.20) | 13.85 (2.51) | 13.83 (2.26) |
| Female, n (%) | 261 (92.5) | 263 (97.0) | 110 (39.6) | 118 (43.7) |
| Married, n (%) | 100 (35.5) | 98 (36.3) | – | – |
| High school education and higher, n (%) | 100 (35.6) | 102 (37.8) | – | – |
| Currently employed*, n (%) | 19 (6.7) | 14 (5.2) | – | – |
| Currently attending school, n (%) | – | – | 265 (94.0) | 261 (96.7) |
| HIV positive (or AIDS ill)†, n (%) | 78 (27.7) | 70 (25.9) | 78 (28.1) | 63 (23.3) |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Household size (mean, SD) | 4.99 (2.06) | 5.36 (2.29) | – | |
| Electricity access, n (%) | 257 (91.1) | 255 (94.4) | – | |
| Number of days hungry per 7 days (mean, SD) | 2.88 (2.18) | 2.82 (2.54) | 1.91 (1.96) | 1.66 (1.83) |
| Baseline values of primary outcomes | ||||
| Physical and emotional abuse (mean, SD) | 7.97 (9.34) | 8.40 (9.81) | 8.89 (12.24) | 8.99 (12.56) |
| Neglect (mean, SD) | 0.11 (0.63) | 0.54 (1.96) | 2.37 (5.35) | 3.44 (6.47) |
| Corporal punishment (mean, SD) | 2.62 (2.93) | 3.11 (3.10) | 2.27 (2.58) | 2.48 (2.84) |
| Positive parenting (mean, SD) | 15.43 (4.90) | 16.84 (4.56) | 14.13 (5.75) | 14.31 (6.37) |
| Involved parenting (mean, SD) | 19.24 (7.45) | 19.71 (7.65) | 18.50 (9.30) | 17.92 (9.48) |
| Poor parental supervision (mean, SD) | 13.12 (7.77) | 13.85 (7.54) | 12.78 (6.85) | 14.16 (7.87) |
| Inconsistent discipline (mean, SD) | 7.64 (4.28) | 8.89 (4.37) | 7.09 (4.55) | 7.40 (4.91) |
*This includes formal and informal employment.
†Participants are included if they self-report as HIV positive or display three or more AIDS-related symptoms from the adapted verbal autopsy checklist.