Cluster randomised trials assessing the combination of IRS and LLIN with results available to date
| Reference | Country | Transmission intensity | Primary outcome | IRS product | Result | Comment |
| Corbel et al 5 | Benin | Moderate | Incidence by active case detection | Carbamate | No benefit | Carbamate applied every 8 months, not fully covering transmission season |
| Pinder et al 6 | Gambia | Moderate | Incidence by passive case detection | Organochloride | No benefit | Reported LLIN usage >95% |
| Kafy8 | Sudan | Low | Incidence by active case detection | Carbamate or pyrethroid | Significant protection with carbamate No benefit from deltamethrin (unpublished) | Carbamate IRS in addition to LLINs appeared to slow the emergence of pyrethroid resistance relative to LLINs only.38 |
| West et al 7 | Tanzania | High | Prevalence | Carbamate | Significant added protection | Evaluated the incremental effect of two rounds of bendiocarb in Tanzania and found significant added protection, even across a wide range of net usage39 |
| Hamainza et al 40 | Zambia | High | RDT positivity rate (community level) | Pyrethroid (two different) or organophosphate (two formulations) | Significant added benefit (shorter duration for pyrethroids) | Found benefit in the combination, even when the insecticide used for IRS was a pyrethroid |
IRS, indoor residual spraying; LLIN, long-lasting insecticide-treated nets; RDT, rapid diagnostic test.