Baseline details of included populations
| Bangladesh | Ghana | Indonesia | India | Kenya | Tanzania | Vietnam | South Africa | All | |
| N | 4004 | 4294 | 11 753 | 4514 | 1991 | 5024 | 8516 | 3839 | 43 935 |
| Mean age (years) (SD) | 62.1 (9.0) | 62.6 (9.0) | 64.1 (9.4) | 62.9 (8.9) | 59.0 (8.9) | 62.5 (9.2) | 65.3 (10.7) | 66.5 (10.6) | 63.7 (9.7) |
| 50–54 years (%) | 1008 (25.2) | 918 (21.4) | 2415 (20.5) | 800 (17.7) | 830 (41.7) | 1139 (22.7) | 1721 (20.2) | 608 (15.8) | 9439 (21.5) |
| 55–59 years (%) | 804 (20.1) | 909 (21.2) | 1929 (16.4) | 968 (21.4) | 488 (24.5) | 1052 (20.9) | 1492 (17.5) | 607 (15.8) | 8249 (18.8) |
| 60–64 years (%) | 762 (19.0) | 851 (19.8) | 1875 (16.0) | 856 (19.0) | 290 (14.6) | 907 (18.1) | 1127 (13.2) | 546 (14.2) | 7214 (16.4) |
| 65–69 years (%) | 591 (14.8) | 701 (16.3) | 2170 (18.5) | 835 (18.5) | 149 (7.5) | 749 (14.9) | 1126 (13.2) | 598 (15.6) | 5919 (13.5) |
| 70–74 years (%) | 414 (10.3) | 390 (9.1) | 1637 (13.9) | 540 (12.0) | 81 (4.1) | 572 (11.4) | 1152 (13.5) | 509 (13.3) | 5295 (12.1) |
| 75–79 years (%) | 273 (6.8) | 333 (7.8) | 1007 (8.6) | 288 (6.4) | 67 (3.4) | 338 (6.7) | 930 (10.9) | 520 (13.5) | 3756 (8.5) |
| 80+ years (%) | 152 (3.8) | 192 (4.5) | 720 (6.1) | 227 (5.0) | 86 (4.3) | 267 (5.3) | 968 (11.4) | 451 (11.7) | 3063 (7.0) |
| Female sex (%) | 2005 (50.1) | 2660 (61.9) | 6333 (53.9) | 2163 (47.9) | 693 (34.8) | 2636 (52.5) | 5054 (59.3) | 2890 (75.3) | 24 434 (55.6) |
| Mean WHOQoL score (SD) | 22.6 (5.6) | 20.7 (4.8) | 16.7 (3.4) | 16.2 (3.0) | 18.4 (4.2) | 20.8 (3.6) | 20.4 (4.3) | 20.0 (4.4) | 19.1 (4.6) |
| Median WHODAS score (IQR) | 33.3 (16.7–49.3) | 27.8 (16.7–38.9) | 8.3 (2.8–22.2) | 22.2 (13.9–33.3) | 13.9 (2.8–27.8) | 11.1 (2.8–25.0) | 16.7 (5.6–36.1) | 22.2 (8.3–33.3) | 16.7 (5.6–33.3) |
| No formal education (%) | 2257 (56.4) | 0 (0) | 3440 (29.3) | 259 (5.7) | 566 (28.4) | 1983 (39.5) | 877 (10.3) | 2510 (65.4) | 11 892 (27.1) |
| Primary or <6 years (%) | 1149 (28.7) | 3980 (92.7) | 6459 (55.0) | 3221 (71.4) | 1125 (56.5) | 2836 (56.4) | 4182 (49.1) | 746 (19.4) | 23 698 (53.9) |
| 6 years or more (%) | 598 (14.9) | 314 (7.3) | 1854 (15.8) | 1034 (22.9) | 300 (15.1) | 205 (4.1) | 3457 (40.6) | 583 (15.2) | 8345 (19.0) |
| Married or cohabiting (%) | 3049 (76.1) | 2300 (53.6) | 8400 (71.5) | 3595 (79.6) | 1369 (68.8) | 3351 (66.7) | 5882 (69.1) | 1775 (46.2) | 29 721 (67.6) |
| Living alone (%) | 112 (2.8) | 199 (4.6) | 908 (7.7) | 99 (2.2) | 479 (24.1) | 109 (2.2) | 565 (6.6) | 219 (5.7) | 2690 (6.1) |
| Quintile of socioeconomic status (%) | |||||||||
| (Poorest) 1 | 611 (15.3) | 1210 (28.2) | 2394 (20.4) | 514 (11.4) | 483 (24.3) | 950 (18.9) | 1209 (14.2) | 616 (16.0) | 7987 (18.2) |
| 2 | 667 (16.7) | 1064 (24.8) | 2317 (19.7) | 686 (15.2) | 302 (15.2) | 982 (19.5) | 1548 (18.2) | 728 (19.0) | 8294 (18.9) |
| 3 | 701 (17.5) | 958 (22.3) | 2390 (20.3) | 994 (22.0) | 406 (20.4) | 1056 (21.0) | 1787 (21.0) | 739 (19.2) | 9031 (20.6) |
| 4 | 930 (23.2) | 808 (18.8) | 2387 (20.3) | 963 (21.3) | 422 (21.2) | 2036 (40.5) | 1996 (23.4) | 812 (21.2) | 10 354 (23.6) |
| (Richest) 5 | 1095 (27.3) | 254 (5.9) | 2265 (19.3) | 1357 (30.1) | 378 (19.0) | 0 (0) | 1976 (23.2) | 944 (24.6) | 8269 (18.8) |
| Mean family size (SD) | 5.4 (2.5) | 6.6 (3.9) | 3.5 (1.7) | 6.9 (3.5) | 4.1 (3.2) | 10.2 (5.7) | 4.2 (2.0) | 7.1 (4.0) | 5.6 (3.9) |
| On a scale of 1 best/no problem to 5=worst/cannot do or severe problem | |||||||||
| Median depressive symptoms (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) |
| Median anxiety symptoms (IQR) | 4 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–3) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median bodily pain (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–4) | 3 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median discomfort (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median problems concentrating (IQR) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median problems task learning (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median problems far vision (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) |
| Median problems near vision (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) |
WHODAS, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule; WHOQoL, WHO Quality of Life.