Own-price elasticity estimates of key food categories by region, sex, and age
| Region | Sex, age | Fruit | Vegetables | Beans/legumes | Nuts/seeds | Whole grains | Unprocessed red meat | Processed meat | Fish | Milk | Sugar-sweetened beverages | Fruit juice |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | Women, 20 | −0.87 (0.23)*** | −0.05 (0.19) | −0.00 (0.24) | −0.38 (0.89) | −0.69 (0.33)** | −0.19 (0.21) | -1.10 (0.38)*** | −0.44 (0.19)** | −0.27 (0.14)* | −0.73 (0.20)*** | -1.49 (0.49)*** |
| Women, 80 | −0.77 (0.22)*** | −0.15 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.24) | −0.32 (0.77) | −0.93 (0.31)*** | −0.17 (0.21) | −0.80 (0.39)** | −0.52 (0.16)*** | −0.31 (0.14)** | -1.18 (0.23)*** | -1.55 (0.54)*** | |
| Men, 20 | −0.91 (0.23)*** | 0.04 (0.18) | −0.01 (0.24) | −0.42 (0.93) | −0.66 (0.33)** | −0.21 (0.21) | -1.11 (0.37)*** | −0.45 (0.19)** | −0.25 (0.15)* | −0.71 (0.19)*** | -1.58 (0.52)*** | |
| Men, 80 | −0.86 (0.23)*** | −0.08 (0.19) | 0.07 (0.24) | −0.35 (0.79) | −0.93 (0.31)*** | −0.19 (0.21) | −0.90 (0.36)** | −0.52 (0.16)*** | −0.30 (0.15)** | -1.30 (0.25)*** | -1.46 (0.55)*** | |
| Latin America/ Caribbean | Women, 20 | −0.33 (0.14)** | −0.01 (0.27) | −0.16 (0.28) | 0.34 (1.19) | -1.65 (0.83)** | −0.20 (0.13) | −0.30 (0.12)*** | −0.56 (0.24)** | −0.25 (0.11)** | −0.18 (0.04)*** | −0.31 (0.15)** |
| Women, 80 | −0.33 (0.13)** | −0.13 (0.26) | −0.07 (0.29) | 0.32 (1.04) | -1.78 (0.74)** | −0.18 (0.13) | −0.22 (0.12)* | −0.59 (0.20)*** | −0.26 (0.10)** | −0.28 (0.04)*** | −0.35 (0.17)** | |
| Men, 20 | −0.32 (0.14)** | 0.10 (0.27) | −0.17 (0.29) | 0.30 (1.24) | -1.59 (0.82)* | −0.21 (0.12)* | −0.29 (0.11)*** | −0.56 (0.23)** | −0.24 (0.11)** | −0.18 (0.04)*** | −0.33 (0.16)** | |
| Men, 80 | −0.34 (0.14)** | −0.05 (0.27) | −0.08 (0.30) | 0.28 (1.08) | -1.76 (0.74)** | −0.19 (0.13) | −0.23 (0.11)** | −0.60 (0.20)*** | −0.25 (0.10)** | −0.32 (0.04)*** | −0.35 (0.17)** | |
| FCP† | Women, 20 | −0.47 (0.23)** | 0.00 (0.25) | -1.75 (2.68) | 0.57 (1.48) | -3.12 (1.70)* | −0.19 (0.11)* | −0.30 (0.12)** | −0.87 (0.37)** | −0.30 (0.13)** | −0.93 (0.22)*** | −0.72 (0.37)* |
| Women, 80 | −0.54 (0.24)** | −0.11 (0.25) | −0.97 (2.64) | 0.53 (1.29) | -3.21 (1.50)** | −0.17 (0.12) | −0.21 (0.12)* | −0.94 (0.33)*** | −0.30 (0.12)** | -1.46 (0.21)*** | −0.84 (0.43)* | |
| Men, 20 | −0.46 (0.25)* | 0.09 (0.25) | -1.86 (2.75) | 0.52 (1.58) | -3.11 (1.75)* | −0.19 (0.11)* | −0.28 (0.12)** | −0.90 (0.38)** | −0.29 (0.13)** | −0.90 (0.19)*** | −0.79 (0.40)** | |
| Men, 80 | −0.55 (0.25)** | −0.03 (0.25) | -1.03 (2.65) | 0.48 (1.36) | -3.23 (1.54)** | −0.18 (0.11) | −0.22 (0.11)* | −0.93 (0.33)*** | −0.29 (0.12)** | -1.61 (0.21)*** | −0.84 (0.44)* | |
| Asia | Women, 20 | −0.25 (0.18) | 0.01 (0.19) | −0.98 (1.26) | 0.13 (0.24) | −0.68 (0.45) | −0.32 (0.19)* | −0.65 (0.31)** | −0.34 (0.15)** | −0.73 (0.32)** | −0.82 (0.21)*** | −0.82 (0.49)* |
| Women, 80 | −0.32 (0.18)* | −0.06 (0.19) | −0.72 (1.32) | 0.12 (0.21) | −0.63 (0.39) | −0.29 (0.19) | −0.46 (0.31) | −0.36 (0.14)*** | −0.70 (0.29)** | -1.23 (0.20)*** | −0.94 (0.55)* | |
| Men, 20 | −0.22 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.21) | -1.03 (1.29) | 0.12 (0.24) | −0.66 (0.45) | −0.33 (0.18)* | −0.65 (0.33)** | −0.34 (0.15)** | −0.69 (0.32)** | −0.80 (0.19)*** | −0.91 (0.53)* | |
| Men, 80 | −0.32 (0.20)* | −0.01 (0.20) | −0.75 (1.34) | 0.11 (0.22) | −0.63 (0.40) | −0.31 (0.19) | −0.48 (0.30) | −0.35 (0.13)*** | −0.68 (0.30)** | -1.35 (0.21)*** | −0.97 (0.57)* | |
| MENA/South Asia | Women, 20 | −0.31 (0.24) | 0.01 (0.19) | −0.67 (0.84) | 0.53 (0.90) | -1.59 (1.11) | −0.22 (0.13)* | -1.36 (0.68)** | −0.81 (0.36)** | −0.44 (0.20)** | −0.67 (0.17)*** | −0.77 (0.48) |
| Women, 80 | −0.37 (0.22)* | −0.05 (0.18) | −0.51 (0.88) | 0.49 (0.80) | -1.36 (0.91) | −0.19 (0.13) | −0.96 (0.69) | −0.82 (0.32)*** | −0.42 (0.18)** | −0.96 (0.17)*** | −0.89 (0.54)* | |
| Men, 20 | −0.24 (0.24) | 0.07 (0.19) | −0.71 (0.88) | 0.50 (0.94) | -1.58 (1.13) | −0.22 (0.13)* | -1.28 (0.68)* | −0.81 (0.36)** | −0.42 (0.20)** | −0.65 (0.16)*** | −0.83 (0.51)* | |
| Men, 80 | −0.36 (0.23) | −0.01 (0.19) | −0.53 (0.88) | 0.46 (0.84) | -1.42 (0.96) | −0.20 (0.13) | -1.00 (0.66) | −0.82 (0.32)*** | −0.42 (0.18)** | -1.07 (0.18)*** | −0.93 (0.56)* | |
| High Income/ Western | Women, 20 | −0.19 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.31) | -1.71 (2.03) | 1.61 (2.23) | −0.82 (0.72) | −0.19 (0.13) | −0.28 (0.17) | −0.52 (0.25)** | −0.34 (0.16)** | −0.52 (0.17)*** | −0.32 (0.23) |
| Women, 80 | −0.27 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.30) | -1.50 (2.18) | 1.49 (2.00) | −0.63 (0.61) | −0.17 (0.12) | −0.19 (0.17) | −0.48 (0.20)** | −0.33 (0.15)** | −0.84 (0.21)*** | −0.38 (0.26) | |
| Men, 20 | −0.12 (0.28) | 0.12 (0.33) | -1.75 (2.05) | 1.54 (2.36) | −0.80 (0.71) | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.25 (0.16) | −0.50 (0.24)** | −0.31 (0.15)** | −0.49 (0.15)*** | −0.35 (0.25) | |
| Men, 80 | −0.25 (0.23) | 0.00 (0.30) | -1.54 (2.19) | 1.43 (2.11) | −0.64 (0.62) | −0.17 (0.12) | −0.18 (0.16) | −0.48 (0.20)** | −0.33 (0.15)** | −0.94 (0.22)*** | −0.40 (0.27) |
Values represent the estimated percentage change in intake of each food in response to a 1% increase in own-price. Asymptotic standard errors are in parentheses and derived using the delta method. For clarity, results are shown for ages 20 and 80; most findings for other age groups were intermediate to these values.
†The particularly large price elasticity estimates for whole grains are in part due to relatively low whole grain intake in FCP.
Significance: ***p<0.01; **p<0.05; *p<0.10. FCP, Former Centrally Planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.