Summary of policy frames on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
| AMR as healthcare problem | AMR as development issue | AMR as innovation challenge | AMR as security issue | AMR as One health challenge | |
| Definition | Health impact of AMR on human health | AMR as an obstacle to development | Market failure and lack of access to antibiotics | AMR as threat to the stability of health and social systems | Health impact of AMR on animal and human health |
| Metaphor | War on microbes | Health for all | Magic pills | Fear of the ‘other’ | The environmental link |
| Goals | Maximise the impact for patients | Guarantee access to medicine as a prerequisite for development | Provide new drugs to responds to growing demand from consumers | Protect against the international spread of disease | Enhance human and animal health |
| Measurements | Epidemiology of AMR and health impact | Access to medicine | Economic Investment in R&D | Escalating costs and impact of AMR on society | Consequences of AMR on animal and human health |
| Typical actors (non-exclusive) | General public, medical professionals, health systems | NGOs, international organisations, LMICs | Governments in HICs | Governments in HICs | Animal sector, International organisations, governments |
HIC, high-income countries; LMIC, low-and-middle-income countries; NGOs, non-governmental organisations.