Use of inpatient and outpatient services, and medicines by the study participants
| DMs | Non-DMs | Ratio | Mean difference (95% CI) | p Values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of inpatient services | |||||
| Estimated percentage of participants with ≥1 inpatient admission (last 1 year) | 14.2 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 7.6 (4.2 to 11.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean number of admissions, last 1 year, among participants admitted | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.9 | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.3) | 0.388 |
| Mean length of stay in days, most recent hospital admission, among participants admitted | 4.9 | 4.8 | 1.0 | 0.1 (−1.7 to 2.0) | 0.878 |
| Mean annual inpatient days per person, all participants | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.5 (−0.0 to 0.9) | 0.053 |
| Mean annual inpatient admissions per person, all participants | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) | 0.008 |
| Use of outpatient services | |||||
| Estimated percentage of participants with ≥1 outpatient visit (last 90 days) | 59.2 | 13.7 | 4.3 | 45.5 (35.5 to 55.5) | 0.271 |
| Mean outpatient visits per participant with ≥1 outpatient visit, preceding 90 days | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.20 (−0.0 to 0.4) | 0.108 |
| Mean annual visits to hospital outpatient departments, per person, all participants | 4.1 | 0.8 | 4.9 | 3.3 (2.8 to 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean annual visits to a specialist/surgeon, per person, all participants | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | −0.3 (−0.7 to −0.0) | 0.040 |
| Mean annual visits to an MBBS doctor, per person, all participants | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.2) | 0.001 |
| Mean annual visits to a traditional healer/quack provider, per person, all participants | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.253 |
| Mean annual visits to a pharmacy counter, per person, all participants | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.273 |
| Mean total annual outpatient visits to any medical provider, per person, all participants | 6.2 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) | 0.007 |
| Use of medicines | |||||
| Estimated percentage of persons taking ≥1 medication | 97.8 | 20.6 | 4.8 | 77.1 (73.7 to 80.6) | <0.001 |
| Mean number of medicines taken among participants taking any medicines | 3.7 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean number of medicines taken per person, all participants | 3.6 | 0.4 | 9.7 | 3.2 (3.1 to 3.4) | <0.001 |
DMs, patients with diagnosed diabetes mellitus; Non-DMs, patients without diabetes mellitus.