Cost of violence studies in the Asia and Pacific region
| Study | Countries included | Outcomes/costs included | Types of violence measured | Total cost of violence | Cost of violence as % of GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fang et al18 | Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Darussalam, Japan, Singapore, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Republic of Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam | Illicit drug use, early smoking initiation, problem drinking, early sex, teenage pregnancy, self-harm, stomach pain, mental disorder | Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual, neglect, witnessing domestic violence, child maltreatment deaths | US$209 billion (2013) | 2 of the region's GDP |
| Fang36 | Cambodia | Health consequences (mental distress, intimate partner violence perpetration, self-harm, smoking, problem drinking, sexually transmitted infections, moderate injuries resulting from interpersonal violence) and productivity losses (as measured by educational attainment) | Violence against children including: physical, emotional and sexual violence against children | US$251.3 million (2013) | 1.65 of GDP |
| Fang et al37 | China | Mental disorder (depression and anxiety), current smoker, problem drinking, illicit drug use, self-harm | Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual violence | US$101 billion | 1.7 |
| Pollett and Gurr38 | Vanuatu | Direct costs (hospitalisation—emergency care, non-hospital emergency care, mental health treatment, child welfare service, law enforcement), indirect costs (special education, juvenile criminality, adult criminality cost), life-long costs (chronic health cost, lost productivity) | Violence against children including: emotional, physical and sexual violence and neglect | Vt 293.8 million—Vt 425.4 million | 0.5–0.75 of GDP for annualised costs (direct, indirect and lifelong) 6.8 of annual GDP for life-long costs |
| UN Women Viet Nam39 | Viet Nam | Household-level direct and indirect costs (out-of-pocket expenditures to utilise services such as medical, treatment, police and legal support, etc, income loss due to missed work, loss of productivity for the household, missed schooling by children); cost of service provision and prevention services (salaries, training costs, operational costs such as rent, electricity, etc) | Domestic violence against women | VND 2.5 billion | 1.4 of 2010 GDP (total direct/indirect costs of domestic violence) 1.78 of GDP for total productivity losses |