TY - JOUR T1 - Population impact and effectiveness of sequential 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate and monovalent rotavirus vaccine introduction on infant mortality: prospective birth cohort studies from Malawi JF - BMJ Global Health JO - BMJ Global Health DO - 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002669 VL - 5 IS - 9 SP - e002669 AU - Carina King AU - Naor Bar-Zeev AU - Tambosi Phiri AU - James Beard AU - Hazzie Mvula AU - Amelia Crampin AU - Ellen Heinsbroek AU - Dan Hungerford AU - Sonia Lewycka AU - Jennifer Verani AU - Cynthia Whitney AU - Anthony Costello AU - Charles Mwansambo AU - Nigel Cunliffe AU - Rob Heyderman AU - Neil French A2 - , Y1 - 2020/09/01 UR - http://gh.bmj.com/content/5/9/e002669.abstract N2 - Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and rotavirus vaccine (RV) are key tools for reducing common causes of infant mortality. However, measurement of population-level mortality impact is lacking from sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated mortality impact and vaccine effectiveness (VE) of PCV13 introduced in November 2011, with subsequent RV1 roll-out in October 2012, in Malawi.Methods We conducted two independent community-based birth cohort studies. Study 1, in northern Malawi (40000population), evaluated population impact using change-point analysis and negative-binomial regression of non-traumatic 14–51-week infant mortality preintroduction (1 January 2004 to 31 September 2011) and postintroduction (1 October 2011 to 1 July 2019), and against three-dose coverage. Study 2, in central Malawi (465 000 population), was recruited from 24 November 2011 to 1 June 2015. In the absence of preintroduction data, individual three-dose versus zero-dose VE was estimated using individual-level Cox survival models. In both cohorts, infants were followed with household visits to ascertain vaccination, socioeconomic and survival status. Verbal autopsies were conducted for deaths.Results Study 1 included 20 291 live births and 216 infant deaths. Mortality decreased by 28.6% (95% CI: 15.3 to 39.8) post-PCV13 introduction. A change point was identified in November 2012. Study 2 registered 50 731 live births, with 454 deaths. Infant mortality decreased from 17 to 10/1000 live births during the study period. Adjusted VE was 44.6% overall (95% CI: 23.0 to 59.1) and 48.3% (95% CI: −5.9 to 74.1) against combined acute respiratory infection, meningitis and sepsis-associated mortality.Conclusion These data provide population-level evidence of infant mortality reduction following sequential PCV13 and RV1 introduction into an established immunisation programme in Malawi. These data support increasing coverage of vaccine programmes in high-burden settings.Data are available upon request. Anonymised data are available upon request to Professor Neil French (N.French@liverpool.ac.uk), for the purposes of research only, and subject to approval form the National Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of Malawi. ER -