Original research•

Health systems factors impacting the integration of midwifery: an evidence-informed framework on strengthening midwifery associations

Abstract

Introduction Midwifery associations are organisations that represent midwives and the profession of midwifery. They support midwives to reduce maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity by promoting the overall integration of midwifery in health systems. Our objective was to generate a framework for evidence-informed midwifery association strengthening.

Methods A critical interpretive synthesis complemented by key informant interviews, focus groups, observations, and document review was used to inform the development of concepts and theory. Three electronic bibliographical databases (CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE) were searched through to 2 September 2020. A coding structure was created to guide the synthesis across the five sources of evidence.

Results A total of 1634 records were retrieved through electronic searches and 57 documents were included in the critical interpretive synthesis. Thirty-one (31) key informant interviews and five focus groups were completed including observations (255 pages) and audio recordings. Twenty-four (24) programme documents were reviewed. The resulting theoretical framework outlines the key factors by context, describes the system drivers that impact the sustainability of midwifery associations and identifies the key-enabling elements involved in designing programmes that strengthen midwifery associations.

Conclusion Midwifery associations act as the web that holds the profession together and are key to the integration of the profession in health systems, supporting enabling environments and improving gender inequities. Our findings highlight that in order to strengthen midwifery (education, regulation and services), we have to lead with association strengthening. Building strong associations is the foundation necessary to create formal quality midwifery education systems and to support midwifery regulation and accreditation mechanisms.

Key questions

What is already known?

  • Recent modelling projects that with proper investment in universal coverage of midwifery care, up to 4.3 million lives could be saved by 2035.

  • Midwives continue to face systemic barriers due largely to gender inequity.

  • Midwifery associations may play a role in improved health outcomes and health systems, yet there is gap in evidence specific to their impacts.

What are the new findings?

  • Midwifery associations are key to the integration of the profession in health systems and to supporting enabling environments.

  • Midwifery associations are an example of largely women-led, nationally recognised, civil society organisations, which when properly invested in and considered, improve gender equity and overall access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.

What do the new findings imply?

  • The theoretical framework provides a road map and foundation for understanding the main elements required to build sustainable midwifery associations.

  • The framework’s visual representation positions associations within health and political systems, providing guiding principles for how to strengthen midwifery across local, national and international levels.

  • An improved understanding of what factors create an enabling environment for midwives to reach their full life-saving impacts.

Introduction

Growing attention is being given to civil society organisations, and health professional associations in particular, and their role in improving policy for the delivery of quality health services.1–3 Health professional associations increase access to health services through raising public awareness, lobbying governments and coordinating multilateral efforts to inform decision-makers.1–7 Midwifery associations specifically are an important example of largely women-led civil society organisations that are key to improving access to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR).8 Midwifery makes a vital contribution to the provision of high-quality SRHR care9–12 and achieving universal health coverage.13 14 It is estimated that universal coverage of midwifery-led care, according to international standards and integrated into health systems, can save up to 4.3 millions lives annually by 2035.15

Midwifery associations are organisations, most often national, that represent midwives and the profession of midwifery. Importantly, they support midwives to reduce maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity by promoting the overall integration of midwifery services in health systems.8 13 They use gender-responsive approaches to create and manage standards of midwifery care, strengthen clinical skills, advocate for appropriate deployment and remuneration, and accreditation mechanisms to support midwifery education programmes.13 16 Midwifery associations uphold the human rights of women and girls.1 They are a crucial voice in promoting access to sexual and reproductive health services and championing broader SRHR issues such as gender-based violence.7 13 17

The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and United Nations Population Fund, among others, have recently focused international programming on strengthening midwifery associations’ capacity, arguing that these efforts are central to building the midwifery workforce and improving SRHR.18 Similarly, the Canadian Association of Midwives (CAM) has engaged in reciprocal capacity-building partnerships with midwifery associations since 2008 and is currently partnered with five associations (Democratic Republic of Congo or DRC, Haiti, Somalia/Somaliland, South Sudan and Tanzania). CAM’s global work originated from twinning relationships initiated through ICM, recognising that professional associations can collaborate for mutual benefit.8 In health systems in Canada, midwives have struggled for professional recognition and integration.19 CAM’s twinning relationships challenge traditional models for international development, highlighting that support and growth for the profession is bidirectional.8 While association strengthening is becoming a growing focus and area of interest of international programming activities, there is limited scholarship to guide the integration of midwifery through strengthening midwifery associations.

To address this evidence gap, we examined CAM’s capacity-building work with partner associations to develop a theoretical understanding for approaches to civil society strengthening through women-led civil society organisations. Our work is rooted in intersectional feminist, anti-colonial and collaborative lenses. We view the importance of context as central, and purposefully do not dichotomise between World Bank country income group classifications (ie, high-income countries vs low-income and middle-income countries) as we recognise that improving access to quality SRHR is relevant to all health systems.

We had three aims: (1) to synthesise multiple sources of evidence to address the compass question: ‘what are the factors that influence midwifery association strengthening?’; (2) to use the example of CAM’s programming related to supporting civil society organisations to understand the factors associated with midwifery association capacity building; and (3) to develop a theory and concepts for midwifery association strengthening. The overall purpose was to create a framework for evidence-informed midwifery association strengthening to leverage the impacts of midwives to improve SRHR.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative systematic review using critical interpretive synthesis, complemented by key informant (KI) interviews, focus groups, observations, and document review to inform the development of concepts and theory. Figure 1 illustrates our highly iterative approach to data collection and theory generation and highlights how five types of qualitative data collection informed the processes of triangulation, theory development, testing and generation. These were not discrete processes, but rather overlapped, and were used to create the theoretical framework.

Figure 1
Request permissionrequest permission icon
Figure 1

Process helix of qualitative data collection and theory generation.

Search strategy and selection criteria

Critical interpretive synthesis is an interpretive analytical approach which examines both empirical and non-empirical literature to generate concepts, and is well-suited to the development of theoretical frameworks.20 21 While conventional systematic review methodology is grounded in a tightly formulated research question and study selection criteria at the outset, critical interpretive syntheses are iterative using a compass question that is responsive to the findings generated in the review process and can be modified as gaps in the literature emerge.20 21 The searches for the critical interpretive synthesis were completed in two main phases. First, we systematically searched electronic bibliographical databases (CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE), in consultation with a librarian. The MEDLINE searches included: midwifery (MeSH) OR midwi* AND (capacity building (MeSH) OR civil OR (professional adj2 (societ* OR organi?ation* OR affiliation*)) OR partnership*). Minor adjustments were made to optimise search strings for CINAHL and EMBASE. Second, we searched SRHR and civil society websites for relevant documents. We also identified additional relevant literature by hand searching reference lists of key publications.

We included documents that provided insight into the compass question and related specifically to health professional associations. We did not include specific exclusion criteria or search limits.

We used an EndNote database to store and manage the search results. After duplicates were removed, two reviewers (CM and KB) independently reviewed the remaining titles and abstracts and classified records. We retrieved full-text copies of the ‘possibly include’ documents, and each reviewer independently assessed eligibility for inclusion. Discrepancies were discussed until consensus was reached.

Additional data collection

We used semistructured KI interviews, focus groups, observations and document review as additional qualitative research methods to inform our theoretical framework. Countries of focus for the additional evidence sources included Benin, Canada, DRC, Ethiopia, Haiti, South Sudan and Tanzania (ie, current or past sites of CAM’s global programming). Permission to hold focus groups and interviews in DRC and Tanzania were obtained by in-country midwifery association executives including letters of invitation by associations. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant and data were collected in English or French depending on participant preference.

We used multistage purposive sampling to recruit participants in the following four categories: (1) midwifery professional association staff and members; (2) consultants; (3) policymakers, and (4) partner organisations, including visiting or contributing funders and hosts. We invited participants by email or face-to-face and conducted interviews either face-to-face, by phone or virtually. All interviews were audio recorded.

During data collection in Canada, DRC and Tanzania, we conducted participant observation and focus groups involving the four stakeholder groups outlined. Participant observation was documented through written notes and audio recordings between researchers (CM and KB).

We used the focus groups to gain a deeper understanding of context-specific factors influencing professional association strengthening and to elicit feedback on the theory emerging from the critical interpretive synthesis.

For the document review, we selected all programme documents (including grant proposals, theory of change and logic models, performance management frameworks, and monitoring and evaluation reports) from CAM projects with a professional association strengthening component. These documents were primarily collected during our time at midwifery association offices and during KI interviews.

Data analysis

A common feature of qualitative inquiry is that analysis and interpretation overlap with sampling and data collection (figure 1). Findings from the critical interpretive synthesis informed theory development through the creation of initial core concepts and theory related to professional association strengthening and the initial draft framework. Theory testing was accomplished through additional sources of qualitative data collection by testing iterations of concepts and framework with participants and research consortium in French and English (AK, AP, EH, JR, ED and SL). Rigour was ensured through triangulation of methods and data sources, and to develop convergent evidence. Triangulation was also used as a method of ensuring that we were accurately representing the reality in range of complex settings. Data were collected until data sufficiency was reached, when insights drawn from the analysis stages answered the research question. The framework and concepts were finalised in French and English and validated by the research consortium in their preferred language, which includes midwifery association representation from Canada, DRC, South Sudan and Tanzania (AK, AP, EH, JR, ED and SL).

Data extraction for the critical interpretive synthesis was guided by a coding structure. Data were collected on publication year, study design, health professions, jurisdiction(s) of focus based on WHO regions, the processes related to and the characteristics of professional association strengthening. We used a structured Excel spreadsheet to extract data from each included document, including findings pertaining to the processes related to and the characteristics of professional association strengthening. Two researchers (CM and KB) coded a sample of the documents independently and compared results to ensure consistency in interpretation. These findings were used to develop the initial core concepts, theory and draft framework related to professional association strengthening.

We used NVivo to organise and code the additional qualitative data. Coding occurred in the original language of data collection (French or English). Two researchers independently coded a sample of the transcripts to compare results and check for consistency (CM and KB). The remainder of the data was coded by an individual researcher. We applied a constant comparative method such that emerging data were compared with previously collected data to find similarities and differences.22 Completeness of the findings was ensured through ongoing consultation with members of the research team (EH and ED).

CM and KB were awarded an internship grant to conduct the research for CAM. To support researcher reflexivity, CM and KB applied Mertens principles of critical reflection for addressing constructs of power and validity of results.23 In this process, we continuously critically examined dynamics of power and our geosocial positioning of privilege to mitigate its impacts on the research process and relationships with participants in order to avoid replicating historical patterns of oppression. Foremost, we recognise that historically, Western knowledge has dominated the global health sector and drives research inquiry and funding.24 These reflections resulted in our firm commitment to challenge these aforementioned structures, by intentionally incorporating mitigating measures during inception, operationalisation and completion of the research.

We broadened the research team to include experts in midwifery association strengthening in Canada, DRC, Tanzania and South Sudan. These experts formed a collaborative team and worked with CM and KB during the research process (AK, AP, EH, JR, ED and SL). For example, the research inquiry was validated, and initial results were vetted by association members and leadership. The team went on to co-develop the concepts and framework, as well as the manuscript. Finally, there is ongoing collaboration with the research consortium to ensure results are shared with participating associations, which will also include further research to understand the applicability and feasibility of our conceptual elements and checklists. A continuous critical reflection allowed KB and CM to retrospectively reflect on shortcomings to their approach, including how other researchers particularly in DRC, Tanzania and South Sudan were remunerated for their contributions, or if transparent discussions occurred regarding authorship order for example.

While collecting data, we were careful to seek perspectives from inside and outside midwifery associations to ensure a variety of voices were heard. We carefully positioned the research as independent to project evaluations to reassure participants that negative opinions would not impact project funding. Finally, in order to understand the impact of gender and intersects (ie, conflict, race, language and ethnicity) on midwifery associations and midwifery within health and political systems, we applied an intersectional framing.25 According to the intersectional approach, inequities cannot be linked to distinct factors. Rather they are the result of an intersection of a person or group’s social location and the resulting privilege or power causing different forms of domination or exploitation.26 This approach was also applied in the analysis and allowed for implicit themes of various forms of oppression shaped by historical and political concepts within the profession of midwifery itself to be developed.

Patient and public involvement

Due to ethical and feasibility constraints, patients and clients were not involved in the research. However, we recognise that this category is an essential component to understanding the impact and capacity of midwives and midwifery associations in health systems, particularly experiences of care.10 We plan to include this component in further research. As discussed in the analysis, a research consortium of midwives and members of midwifery associations across contexts was established at the outset of the research to collaboratively develop the design, data collection, analysis and knowledge exchange.

Results

Search results

Systematic literature searches for the critical interpretive synthesis were completed by 2 September 2020 and results are shown in figure 2. Fifty-seven documents were eligible for inclusion. Most documents (84%) were published after 2010, and none before 2000. Thirty-seven per cent were primary research (n=21), including: qualitative research (n=13), mixed-methods research (n=5) and descriptive studies (n=3). Within secondary research, 14% were systematic reviews (n=8) and one was a cross-sectional study. The remaining documents were non-research (n=27), including 10 ‘other’ (eg, toolkits, manuals, strategic plans, etc), 6 editorials, 5 theoretical papers and 5 non-systematic reviews. In accordance with WHO regions, the majority (n=28) focused on Africa, 10 on the Americas, 10 on South-East Asia, 6 on the Eastern Mediterranean, 1 on the Western Pacific, 5 on Europe, and 36% (n=17) spanned all of the regions.

Figure 2
Request permissionrequest permission icon
Figure 2

Literature search and study selection flow diagram.

Additional evidence sources

We conducted 31 KI interviews (mean length of 43 min) and 5 focus groups with midwifery association members. Twenty-four CAM programme documents were included in the document review. We also analysed observations notes (255 pages) and audio recordings between researchers (CM and KB).

Synthesis

Figure 3 presents the framework that emerged from our review and synthesis. The framework illustrates the drivers and key-enabling elements that impact the sustainability of midwifery associations. These components are organised into three interconnected contexts: outer, organisational and core values of the association. They serve as a road map to support midwifery associations’ navigation of the interconnected contexts. Below we describe the key components for midwifery association strengthening in which facilitators and mitigating barriers are addressed and summarised in table 1. Table 2 aligns with the first and contains illustrative quotations organised by the key components presented in the framework.

Figure 3
Request permissionrequest permission icon
Figure 3

Framework for midwifery association strengthening.

Table 1
|
Key components for midwifery association strengthening
Table 2
|
Illustrative quotations organised by the key components for midwifery association strengthening

Key drivers for midwifery association strengthening

Outer context

Results showed that sustainable midwifery associations are influenced by the role, regulation and integration of midwifery within a given context, which is shaped by the political system (where decisions about midwifery integration will be made), health system arrangements (where midwives provide SRHR services)19 27 and the education system (where midwives are educated).

Political structures including international agreements, public policies, and the governmental agendas of dominant political parties shape the development of the midwifery workforce and profession, and influence efforts to strengthen midwifery services.2 Midwifery associations are agents for the profession, whose capacity to influence policy is determined by surrounding institutions and structures.27 Interview data showed changes in government created delays in achieving midwifery associations’ goals such as regulation of the profession or involvement in national SRHR decision-making processes.

The overarching categories of health system arrangements are inter-related and include: (1) governance, which is focused on health system structures including policy and professional authority; (2) financial includes health financing and health professional payment mechanisms; and (3) health services delivery including how and where services are provided.28 Governance arrangements regulate health professions such as midwifery, however, in many countries midwives are inappropriately regulated or there is no legislation recognising midwifery as an autonomous profession.16 Our findings showed that the lack of understanding of midwifery as an autonomous profession led to the disappearance of midwifery on political agendas by health system decision-makers within governance structures. This disregard resulted in downstream impacts on other health system arrangements. For example, participants noted a lack of clarity about the definition and role of a midwife within the health system, resulting in inappropriate deployment and remuneration. Lastly, with respect to the context where services are delivered, multiple barriers were raised (lack of personal safety, water, electricity, equipment and materials) which rendered the work of midwives impossible to carry out.

Inadequate remuneration of midwives impacted their ability to pay membership dues and become association members, which negatively impacted midwifery associations’ financial viability and increased their precariousness. In contrast, strong midwifery associations played a key role negotiating appropriate work conditions and salaries for midwives with governments.16 Our results showed that midwifery associations advocated for effective mechanisms for regulation and for improved service delivery arrangements, including: (1) how midwives are deployed; (2) if midwives are appropriately positioned (eg, rather than filling in nursing positions); (3) the skill mix (eg, role performance, expansion and working in interprofessional teams); (4) the availability of and timely access to midwifery care (eg, workforce supply and distribution); (5) how midwifery care is provided and (6) where care is provided (eg, site of health service delivery, physical structure and equipment).

Six key areas in which midwifery associations enhanced the quality of midwifery education to enhance credibility and facilitate integration into health systems included: (1) advocating for accredited education programmes; (2) advising on quality standards for clinical learning; (3) providing continuing professional development; (4) creating student chapters within associations hereby attracting quality students and young leaders to the profession; (5) participating in national policy SRHR dialogues and (6) establishing professional competency assessments.1 2 6 8 9 14 16 29–42 Access to continuing education through midwifery associations was strongly linked with empowerment, increased sense of professional belonging, and respect and status of the profession, thereby influencing the status of the association.38

Forces and events outside of the political and health system can influence midwifery associations’ capacity-building efforts or reorient their strategic planning. Specifically, external shocks to the system, such as pandemics, climate change, global economic crises, and natural disasters can erode women and girls’ stability and safety (eg, by increasing gender-based violence). Shifts in resource allocation away from SRHR services delivery further impact the viability and power of midwifery associations. Conversely, our observations identified that some external shocks (eg, COVID-19 pandemic) presented a window of opportunity for midwifery associations to support quality clinical care through training, providing personal protective equipment to frontline midwives and creating practice guidelines.

Organisational context

Within the organisational context, we defined the capacity of midwifery associations as two reciprocal concepts, organisational and technical, which are further divided into key subcomponents outlined.6 Organisational capacity is the ability of the association to operate sustainably as an organisation.6 A base-level organisational capacity is needed to grow technical capacity and thus increase the organisation’s sustainability and impact in strengthening the profession. We identified eight elements within organisational capacity: (1) administrative infrastructure3 6 7 17 39; (2) governance43–46; (3) financial management18 43; (4) democratic participation43 44 46; (5) funding8 43 47; (6) membership43; (7) communications3 43 44 48 and (8) gender.

External factors can also impact associations at an organisational capacity level (eg, sudden illness, death or disability of a key association member, loss of significant funder, allegations of malpractice of a high-profile member or misappropriation of funds).44 While organisational crises cannot be anticipated, midwifery associations can reduce their impacts through strong administrative infrastructure, governance, financial management and communications strategies.

Technical capacity is conceptualised as the association’s ‘core business,’ and refers to the ability to support and maintain effective programming and activities to strengthen the profession within political, health and education systems.6 We identified nine elements within technical capacity: (1) midwifery professional expertise2 45 49; (2) leadership6 50 51; (3) quality midwifery training6 16 44 51–53; (4) SRHR outreach activities; (5) data and evidence2 9 50; (6) research capacity and knowledge translation9 54; (7) networks1 34 41 55 56; (8) strategic advocacy (an outcome of networks)3 7 8 16 43 45 48 57 58 and (9) gender.59

The reciprocal relationship of organisational and technical capacity was revealed in our qualitative evidence. When midwifery associations housed programmes to increase in-service midwifery capacity, such as emergency skills training (emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC)), both the organisational and technical capacity of the association was increased. To effectively deliver EmONC training, associations were trained in programmatic and administrative skills and team building. These skills were generalisable and transferable to efficiently running the association. Furthermore, when midwifery associations trained their executive members to be EmONC facilitators, evaluators, mentors and supervisors, these midwives continued to provide training after project completion. Embedding skills in the executive membership built external recognition for the association’s capacity to train midwives to global standards.

In-service training was also identified as a way to raise associations’ profiles within facilities, hospitals and health networks. Increased visibility and credibility assisted the association to effectively carry out other activities (eg, overseeing accreditation of midwifery education programmes and lobbying governments for midwifery inclusive policies). Additionally, midwives themselves were more likely to understand the role of their association and become members. Associations were then able to better advocate for their members at the institutional and governmental levels for appropriate remuneration mechanisms. Finally, increases in membership and EmONC training became vital sources of income for the association, that then supported and sustained organisational capacity.

Gender

Gender and its intersections (ie, race, ethnicity, religion) are a unique and cross-cutting consideration impacting each context. The role of gender within society is an inseparable component of the outer context.2 19 33 34 43 60 61 The social construction of gender impacts the value placed on women in a given country, and in turn the value placed on predominately women-led midwifery associations within that society.19 Gender norms influenced the relationships that associations had with decision-makers resulting in a lack of visibility and credibility of the organisation.2 34 For example, our results showed that decision-makers within health sectors tended to be male physicians. This gender dichotomy influenced midwifery associations’ relationships with authority and leadership due to an overall lack of societal respect for women.43 Finally, strains on health systems caused by long-term events, such as conflict, political coups or market inflation, impact gender disproportionately and thus threatened associations’ sustainability.

Within the organisational context, gender considerations for organisational capacity include creating equitable governance structures within the association that support women in leadership and enhance diversity in the board and general membership. Technical capacity consisted of the association’s ability to conduct their own gender analysis and have the resources to appropriately respond to recommendations, including applying a gender lens to the association’s external environment, organisational structure, and how they provide clinical support and training for members. Our data showed that often gender analyses were an afterthought and were completed by often costly external international consultants, thereby limiting the timeliness, relevance and local applicability of findings.

Core values of midwifery associations

Midwifery associations’ core values underpin their organisational activities and outputs; align closely with the organisation’s mission, vision and strategic plan; and shape the organisation’s role in the community and the key programming/services offered. Within midwifery associations, we identified social justice, equity and anti-oppression as the most common core-espoused organisational values.8 31 32 35 37 45 59 62–65 A universal implicit value of midwifery associations is that they are working towards a common goal of improving SRHR. Importantly, each association has its own perception of the benefits that it brings to the community, and its values are highly context specific.

Despite outward organisational values, our results revealed that midwifery associations’ internal culture can be positively or negatively influenced by personal privileges and power, such as sexism, ethnicism or classism. One challenge that participants identified was the lack of transparency of an association’s board to its members and a tendency to disregard procedures for democratic succession planning. Some participants described being excluded from opportunities for leadership based on their age or social position. Members needed to have open discussions that encourage equitable distribution of leadership roles and perceived this as important to sustaining participation in the association over time.

Empowerment emerged as an important outcome of midwifery association strengthening and is identified in the literature as the ‘powerful catalyst for positive change’.59 It is founded on the sense of value and credibility association members felt as a direct product of success, both internal and external, to the organisation. For example, feeling empowered was described as having impact, being autonomous, participating in institutional decision-making and policymaking, economic opportunity, access to education and professional self-worth.38 In circumstances where midwifery associations improved their capacity via the collaboration with other midwifery associations, trust and reciprocity lead to overall mutual empowerment. Participants described their empowerment motivated them to advocate for SRHR, and for the inclusion of midwives in decision-making, leading to improved capacity of the associations. Empowerment is a positive feedback loop, and as the capacity of the association is built, individuals are empowered, and the organisational capacity improves, and so on.62

Discussion

Our study is the first to generate theory and a framework for sustainable midwifery association strengthening in order to increase the impact of midwifery associations to advance the profession and ultimately improve SRHR. We have also created an open-access companion to the framework, Midwifery Association Capacity Building Checklist, that operationalises the theory presented and is a practical tool for midwifery associations. Our framework is applicable to midwifery associations and external partners or projects as it details and categorises capacity into technical and organisational factors so that these components can be applied to inform logic models for programme development. Use of the framework can ensure that activities align with associations’ needs, reinforce the likelihood of long-term sustainability past project closure, and ensure that the planned capacity-building activities are context specific and achievable within the association’s current capacity.

Most research about midwifery association strengthening has focused on twinning relationships between associations.8 30 37 59 62 66 Prior scholarship suggests that strengthening professional associations may improve health systems and health outcomes (eg, through ensuring the quality of education and regulation).8 18 However, while midwifery associations globally strive for stronger involvement in the SRHR policymaking process, their contributions are hindered by lack of professional recognition or understanding of the role of midwifery in health and political systems,2 16 19 and marginalisation of the profession driven by gender inequality and the substandard status of women-dominated health professions.19 52 60 67 68 These inequities give rise to other structural challenges such as lack of governance or absence of regulatory frameworks, and result in poor integration of the profession into health systems (eg, lack of midwifery education accreditation mechanisms, absent or poor remuneration, restrictions on midwives’ autonomy and limited ability to generate research).19 69

Our framework’s attention to the role of gender provides direction to addressing the challenges outlined above. Capacity assessments require a feminist process, using a gender lens which also accounts for intersecting identities (eg, ethnicity, indigeneity and disability). Strong equity and anti-colonial frameworks foster collaboration and consensus thereby empowering women’s leadership within associations. Principles of gender equity are shared values when working to improve SRHR. Integrating these elements concretely into project inception and operationalisation of activities empowers project hosts (ie, midwifery associations). Our findings demonstrate that empowerment in transnational projects supports sustainable outcomes within midwifery associations with regard to both technical and organisational capacity.37 59 70 71

The main strength of our research is the richness of the data we compiled through multiple sources and the collaborative spirit of our transnational research consortium. The use of multiple sources of evidence obviated the need to rely on the very limited relevant published literature as the only input to theory generation and allowed us to address the lack of research evidence regarding the role of midwifery associations in improving SRHR and strengthening health systems. Our approach during the research process promoted an equitable transnational collaboration and the integration of multiple perspectives thus increasing the research’s trustworthiness.

A limitation was that we were unable to visit all of CAM’s current partner midwifery associations due to logistical challenges specific to political instability and travel to fragile states. While we collected qualitative data from these contexts through virtual means, we recognise that time spent in-country is an important source of evidence and important to understanding midwifery associations working in challenging contexts.

Conclusion

Midwifery associations are key enablers to strengthening their profession across political, health and education systems. Building strong associations is the lynchpin in furthering the status of midwifery, improving gender equity, and reducing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. Our framework will support evidence-informed investments in midwifery associations so that they can play a leadership role in country’s responses to the gendered impacts of crises on SRHR and in more broadly addressing gender-related inequities related to SRHR.

Article metrics
Altmetricopen-url
Dimensionsopen-url